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| What is the meaning of "Islam"? |
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Means "peace";"soundness" It refers to state of soul, "submission to will of god" Muslim- submitter, religious declaration, (one who submits to the word of god |
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| What is Islams view of Muhammad? |
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God's messanger He is not worshiped |
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What problems did the leaders of Mecca have with Muhammad's religious movement? |
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They thought by excepting him, they were excepting him as a ruler of Mecca His moral reform went against what the leaders believed, (example- regaurd to women, the poor, and orphans) |
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| According to islam, what is the origin and nature of the Qur'an? |
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The word of god, not corrupted, something that should be read, recited It should never be placed on the ground, and the Qur'an should never touch an unclean surface. Fundamental authority in religion and law, considered to be the constitution of the state. |
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| Sunnis believe that Muhammad died without appointing a successor and left the matter in the hands of the umma (Muslim community). The caliph should be chosen by his peers on the basis that he is the strongest and most capable leader—a more functional than spiritual view of the office. They recognize the authority of the first four “rightly guided caliphs,” including the sunna or “traditions” they collected regarding the teachings and practices of the Prophet. |
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Shiites believe that the legitimate succession was hereditary, descending from the immediate family of Muhammad, specifically his son-in-law Ali. This God-given spiritual power, called the Light of Muhammad, is thought to have passed to twelve Imams (hereditary leaders in Shiite Islam). The last imam is said to have disappeared about 900 C.E. |
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Islam- features Muhammad rejected |
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Muhammad rejected polytheism Strict prohibition against imagery and statues, especially Muhammad and Allah Against eating blood or pork Prohibited alcohol Rejects jesus being crucified and the claim that he is the son of god
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Traditional homeland of Islam ü A harsh desert landscape that made life difficult and cities scarce. Its economy was based on trade, with trade routes passing through Mecca and Medina, its two major cities ü Political Context: Before the rise of Islam, Arabia has never been united into a single state. The largest political unit was the tribe, composed of a number of extended families or clans and led by elders. Tribes formed alliances and went to war with other tribes. |
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| Islam-Features Muhammad imbraced |
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accepted preexisting elements of its religious context reference to allah existed before Muhammad Although Allah exercises absolute power over the whole of nature (creation), ethical monotheism de-emphasizes this role and instead emphasizes a code of ethics for the individual and society (nature god vs. social god) Muhammad’s emphasis on ethics was reflected in his call for ethical business and charity towards the poor, orphans, ect. Muhammad accepted Circumcision, Satan (Iblis), angles (Gabriel), resurrection of the dead, judgement day, “the beast” (anti-Christ), heaven, and hell Emphasizes the role of prophets in communicating gods will. Muhammad excepted the Kabah The Kabah containes images of 360 gods and goddesses, as wall as a black meteorite thought to be a special gift from God.
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| Ethical monotheism emphasizes a code of ethics for the individual and society (nature god vs. social god). In the West, this emphasis on ethics has expressed itself as a cosmic dualism, a war between the forces of good and evil. |
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Literally means "cube" Mecca's central shrine The Kabah containes images of 360 gods and goddesses, as well as a black meteorite thought to be a special gift from God. After conquering the forces of Mecca in 630 C.E., Muhammad purged the Kabah of its “idols,” preserved the meteorite, and maintained the practice of pilgrimage. |
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| Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) was born in Mecca, he was orphaned as a child and raised by his grandfather. As an Adult, Muhammad worked as a caravan driver for a widow named Khadijah. Muhammad and Khadijah married, having six children, but no son that survived into adulthood. After Khadijah’s death, Muhammad remarried a number of times. At the age of 40, during a religious retreat in a cave on Mount Hira, he received his first revelation. A bright presence came to him and held before his eyes a cloth covered with writing. It commanded three times that he recite what was written there. |
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The Muslim calendar begins with the Hijra, or Hegira. Hijra and Hegira are the same event spelled two different ways. They represent the birth of the Islamic community |
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| Islamic expansion- translocative vs. locative religions (diaspora) |
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Islam is a translocative religion After uniting the Arabian peninsula, Islam spread to North Africa, Syria, Iraq, Palestine (Jerusalem conquered in 638 C.E), Spain (conquered in 711 C.E.) and northwestern India (712 C.E.). This expanision led to many conflicts with surrounding cizilizations and eventually to the Christian crusades in 1095 C.E. |
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Means "the recitation" Muhammad did not recieve the whole Kur'an in one episode, he recieved it throughout his life from Allah. Compiled into a book by Muhammad's Caliph's ("succesors") in 656 C.E. because the Caliph's were worried that Muhammad's message would be corrupted. Muslim's believe that the Qur'an is the direct, uncorrupted word of Allah. Althought the written form is holds great esteem, the Qur'an is meant to be heared or recited. Arabic is believed to be the purest language to read or hear the Qur'an in. The Qur'an should be treated with respect, it should be kept in a clean and honored space, nothing should be placed on top or above it. People should also purify themselves before touching the Qur'an. The Quran is compromised of 114 suras (or chapters), they are organized by length. They cover a wide variety of topics. Modern scholars argue that there have been different versions of the Qur'an. |
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Caliph- "succcesor", a religious and political leader |
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| A religious leader; specifically, one of the hereditary succesors of Muhammad, venerated in Shiite Islam |
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| A chanter who calls people to prayer |
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| A muslim place of worship |
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| Islamic religious schools |
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| The five pillars of islam |
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The five pillars encapsulated the essential beliefs and practices of Islam. Like the pillars of a building, they support one’s faith. The Shabada (a testimony of faith) Salat (prayer) Zakat (charity to the poor) Sawm (fasting during Ramadan) Hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)
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| "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad in his messenger.” This statement constitutes the core of Muslim theology. It has an all-pervasive presence in Islam, it is used in ritual prayer and its inscripted in mosques. In practice, speaking this statement with the intention of becoming a Muslim makes one a Muslim. |
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Devout Muslims are called on to pray five times a day: before dawn, midday, midafternoon, sunset, and nighttime. Muslim prayer is a complex mixture of fixed prayers (formal not improvised) and ritual movements, e.g. standing, bowing, prostrating, and sitting. During the week it is practiced privately or in small groups: Friday is the day of public prayer. One must be cleansed before praying, you must be faing mecca and woman are not allowed to pray in front of men, mosques are not filled with artistic expressions |
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| Zakat (charity to the poor) |
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Believers donate certain percentages of total income, herbs, and produce each year to the poor. 2.5 percent |
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| Sawm (fasting during Ramadan) |
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| Muslims have a period of fasting called Ramadan, which is the ninth month of the Muslim Calender. They must avoid all food, liqour, tobacco, and sex from dawn til dusk. |
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| Hajj (pilgrimage to mecca) |
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All muslims are expected to make a pilgrammage to Mecca at least one in their lifetime. Mecca is the religious center of Islam because of its many layers of historical significance and sacred object, i.e., the Kabah and the Black stone. Hajji- Male traveler, Hajjiyah- Female traveler All men must wear robes symbolizing everyones equality The greater pilgrimage is during the month of pilgimage, it is considered lesser pilgrimage to travel to mecca any other time of the year. |
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| The month of fasting; the ninth month of the Muslim Calender |
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| The white robe that men must where during the month of pilgimage. It symbolizes equality and purity |
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A group of devotional movements in Islam. "The heart of islam" Core of the Sufi movement is its mysticism, the highest experience a person can have in a direct experience with god. They believe in the snese of "loss of self" that is experiened in a mystical experience. Followers wear a simple robe made out of common wool. They practice the dhikr: the rememberence of Allah through the recitation of his 99 names and other devotional practices.Followers use music, poetry and dance to express their beliefs. Currently, Sufism is not always respected and it is not uncommon for followers to not be allowed to practice in public.
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Beginning at the end of the 18th century, the Wahhabi movement sought to purify Islam by reasserting monotheism (threatened by the Shiite practice of venerating imams) and advocating the forceful imposition of Islamic law if necessary. Consequently, Wahhabis aggressively reject other forms of Islam, e.g., Shiite, Sufism (Islamic mysticism) and advocate jihad against those who do not support their strict interpretation of Islam. |
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| ü Jihad: sometimes called the “sixth pillar of Islam.” Islam makes a distinction between the “greater” and “lesser” jihad. The word jihad means “striving” or “struggle.” The greater jihad is the struggle within oneself to overcome moral failings. The lesser jihad, typically translated as “holy war” in the West, is the effort to defend Islam from internal corruption, outside threats, and to convert non-Muslim world. |
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| From its beginnings in the 1930s, The Nation of Islam has been a creative synthesis of “black nationalism” and elements of Islam. Two elements that are not original to Islam is its stance on racial inequality and separatism, and its related myth of Yakub, an evil scientist said to have created the white race for the purpose of overthrowing the superior black race. In the modern nation Louis Farrakhan leads. The more moderate wing, the American Muslim Mission, has dropped the platform of racial separatism and pursued a more faithful practice of Islam. |
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Mecca is important because it is were Muhammad was born and it is the holy land for Islam |
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| Muhammad continued to attract followers and he led a migration called the Hijra (pilgrimage to Mecca), a central event in Islam. It marks 1) point at which Muhammads message was favorably recieved 2) start of the Islamic community (umma)and as year 1 on the Muslim calender. His presence was not accepted by the Jews, but he eventually got rid of all his enemies and gained control of Yathrib (now called Medina). Muhammad created the first mosque (muslim place of worship). He eventually returned to Mecca, destroyed all of the images in the Kabah and marketplace and began to institutionalize his religious ideals. |
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| Islamic art, usually found decorating the walls of mosques |
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| Islam and the Western world |
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“clash of civilizations,” in other words, a clash of fundamental values. Only militant Muslims, sometimes called Islamists, fit this description. More moderate Muslim’s may experience tensions with Western culture, but do not advocate violence. Points of tension are: |
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| Militant Islams, advocate violance |
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"path" or Islamic law does not seperate political life from religous life |
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| Modernization vs. Westernization |
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Allah's daughter, (nature) |
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| Allah's daughter, (fertility) |
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day of sacrifice, animal is sacrificied to recall the submission of Abraham |
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| recollections, narratives of Muhammad |
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