Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) a development of the Renaissance movement, the use of historical knowledge to evaluate ancient writings, as well as existing traditions and institutions; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renaissance humanism was a literary and historical movement to recover the Latin and Greek classics, and with them to discover a more secular and individualistic view of humanity. Modern humanism is a philosophy that focuses on and exalts humanity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meaning "rebirth," a cultural movement that began in Italy approximately A.D. 1350 and spread to other European countries by the time it came to a close in 1600. It involved a renewed interest in the Latin and Greek classics, a focus on the individual person and the natural world, and a more scientific approach to history and literature. It was accompanied by a burst of creative activity in art and architecture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meaning "humane studies" or liberal arts, including Latin and Greek literature, history, and ethics. In studying Latin, students learned to read, write, reason, and speak well— skills that were especially necessary for civic leaders and scholars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language of the common people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forgiveness for the guilt associated with sin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from a Greek word meaning "to instruct." A catechism is a manual of Christian doctrine used to instruct believers in the Christian faith. They were especially popular in the sixteenth century among both Protestant and Catholic reformers, because of the emphasis on religious instruction for ministers as well as laity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a governmental assembly or meeting, such as the imperial congresses or parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal document issued by the pope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used to describe members of the churches that trace their ultimate origin to the Reformation of the sixteenth century A.D. It derives from an incident in the early period of the Reformation in which six German princes protested a declaration of the Second Diet of Speyer (1529) designed to suppress Lutheranism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the late medieval period, a treasury of surplus good works of the saints and of Christ. The pope could draw from this treasury and transfer excess merits to a repentant sinner in the form of an indulgence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prayers, fasting, pilgrimages, or works of piety assigned to a person in the sacrament of penance to remove the penalties or consequences of sin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meaning "image breaking." Hostility to images derives from the biblical condemnation of idolatry (Exod 20:4-5). There were two major iconoclastic episodes: during the Protestant Reformation, souse reformers forcibly entered churches and removed or destroyed statues, stained glass, and paintings containing images. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a teaching about how the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the body and blood of Jesus Christ: after consecration (blessing) by a validly ordained priest, the accidents (physical appearance) remain as bread and wine, but the substance (or essence) changes and becomes the body and blood ofJesus Christ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea, popularized by the churches of the Radical Reformation, that since Baptism involves entering into a covenant with God, it requires an act of conscious, active belief on the part of the person being baptized. Since only adults are old enough to formulate such belief and make such a decision, infant Baptism is ruled out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the governing council of the Calvinist Geneva, consisting of members from the city government, the church leadership, and the laity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Calvinist idea that God has already chosen some people for salvation and others for damnation, a result of emphasizing God's sovereignty and knowledge over human free will. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biblical idea, emphasized most strongly by John Calvin, that Cod mysteriously chooses to enter into special relationship with some persons and groups, but not with others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the American branch of the Anglican communion, meaning those churches that trace their room to the Church of England and regard episcopacy as a biblically mandated ministry of the church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the debate between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli held in A.D. 1529. Zwingli and Luther did not resolve their differences, but Zwingli convinced Luther to see that reconciliation with the Catholic Church was not really possible. |
|
|
Term
| methodism/Methodist Church |
|
Definition
| an independent Protestant church founded by John Wesley, which began as a reform movement within the Church of England. It differed from the Church of England in its greater emphasis on personal spirituality, Bible study, evangelistic preaching, and lively services. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nineteenth-century group of teachers in Oxford who rallied against England's interference in the workings of the Irish church. John I lenry Newman was one of its leaders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that the way to reform and renew Christianity was to "restore" the church to the original structures, beliefs, and practices that prevailed during the time of Jesus and the apostles. The Radical Reformers of the sixteenth century held this belief. In early nineteenth century America, the Second Great Awakening (religious revival) inspired new restorationist churches that called themselves simply "the Christian Church" and also the "Disciples of Christ." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| popularized by the churches of the Radical Reformation, the idea that becoming a Christian (and a member of a church) always requires an active decision. It never occurs simply because of where people live or because of their parents' beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ornate style of art and architecture that was especially popular in Roman Catholic churches and among Roman Catholic artists during the Catholic Reformation. The baroque style was designed to dramatically illustrate the truths of Catholic orthodoxy but also to involve the viewer in the experience of faith by appealing to their emotions and overwhelming them with a sense of awe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prayer book containing the Liturgy of the Hours, the official prayer of the church, regularly prayed by priests, monks, and religious sisters. It is composed of psalms and readings from the Bible and other religious literature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reform branch of the Franciscan movement, this religious order was officially recognized in 1528 during the Catholic Reformation. Members got their name from the unique four-pointed hood that they wore with their brown habit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term given to the efforts of those Roman Catholics who wanted to bring about the internal rebirth of Catholic sensibility—in theology, spirituality; religious piety, and morality—in the sixteenth century, during the time of the Protestant Reformation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originally the "cardinals' were local Roman clergy who assisted the pope in his work as bishop of Rome; in the Middle Ages they gained exclusive responsibility for electing a pope and for advising him on matters pertaining to the operation of the Roman Catholic Church. Today they come from all over the world and represent, along with the college of bishops, the universality of the church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| declared by Roman Catholics to be an ecumenical council, this church council met over a period of eighteen years (1545-1563) to address doctrinal and practical issues of reform, both within the Catholic Church and in response to the Protestant Reformation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term given to the efforts of those who, during the Protestant Reformation, were loyal to the pope and supportive of the customary practices of the Roman Catholic Church in order to counter (go against) the teachings and practices of the Protestant reformers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reform branch of the Carmelite order founded by Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross. It became a separate order in A.D. 1593. The term discalced means 'unshod," referring to the spiritual practice of going barefoot in order to fulfill Jesus's mandate to provide themselves with nothing for the journey, not even sandals for their feet (Matt 10:9-10). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single Bible in which the text was presented in several languages. Polyglot Bibles were especially popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries A.D. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of clergy who banded together for the purpose of prayer, meditation, and mutual support as they participated in discussions about how they might reform the church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a school of theology especially designed for the training of priests. The Council of Trent (A.D. 1545-1563) ordered that every Roman Catholic diocese establish a seminary for the training of its priest candidates. Many dioceses still retain their own seminaries today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also known as the Jesuits, this religious order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in A.D. 1540. Dedicated to the service of the pope, they played an important role in the Catholic Reformation both as missionaries and teachers. Today they are the largest Catholic religi6us order, with a large and respected system of high schools, colleges, and universities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed by Ignatius of Loyola, this month-long spiritual examination allows the individual to participate in the drama of sin and salvation, leading to a turning over of everything, especially the will, to obedience to one's religious superior, to the teachings of the church and its traditions, for the spread of the faith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Latin translation of the Bible, containing also the books of the apocrypha, widely used in the West at least from the sixth century A.D. and declared by the Council of Trent to be the only authoritative translation of the Bible. |
|
|
Term
| encomienda-doctrina system |
|
Definition
| a cooperative effort between the encomendero (conquistador or his descendant) and the doctrine,' (usually a mendicant friar) to build a sound economic and spiritual base in the Spanish territories of the New World. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used to describe the process by which an individual learns to live and act within a particular culture in such a way that the culture's particular pattern of actions and thought becomes second nature to the person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used to describe the process by which a religion "learns" to live and act within a culture different from the one in which it began, so that the religion gradually comes to act naturally within that culture's pattern of actions and thought. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the church policy that the native people of a country in which missionary work is being done should eventually take charge of the church in that country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) tide given to Mary, the mother of Jesus, based on her miraculous appearance to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico, in A.D. 1531; (2) a painted image of Mary as she appeared to Juan Diego. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that all who take refuge from civil authority in a church or on church land cannot not be removed without the permission of the abbot or bishop; a holy place within a church or temple. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antagonism toward priests and clergy. Antony of Egypt (An. 251-356)--the father of Christian monasticism. Antony felt that Christ's teachings called him to sell all of his possessions and devote himself completely to following the gospel through a life of prayer in isolation from the world. Many Christians—early, medieval, and modern—have been inspired to follow his example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the nature and structure of the universe; a particular model ("picture") of the structure of the universe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a view popular during the Enlightenment that God created the world but does not thereafter intervene in its operation. According to this view, the world is like a watch or clock that runs on its own without the help of the watchmaker, God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory advocated by Charles Darwin about the development of species. The theory of evolution claims that species emerge by natural processes alone (for example, natural selection) rather than by the miraculous creation of God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a principle of the theory of evolution, which holds that individuals in a species who have characteristics that are advantageous for survival in their environment will survive, while individuals without these characteristics will perish. Gradually, this transformation of the character of individuals in a species will lead to the development of new species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that reason alone can provide us with a knowledge of all reality. It is opposed to the belief that there are some dimensions of reality (for example, God) that are beyond reason and that can only be known through revelation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the claim that the only valid method of knowing is science and that what cannot be known by science does not exist. |
|
|
