Term
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Definition
| an accurate understanding of one's own goodness in proportion to God and others and the love of friendship that follows from this understanding |
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Term
| humility is the mean between what two vices? |
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Definition
| the vice of pride and the vice of not recognizing one's own self worth as created and redeemed by God |
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Term
| why is humility so important? |
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Definition
| it is necessary for people to have love of friendship of both God and others |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the virtue of easily, joyfully, and continuously communicating with God |
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Term
| what are the two most basic types of prayer and how do they relate to unity with God? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do these two types of prayer come to their perfection and how are tehy perfected there? |
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Definition
the Mass
the first part of Mass, the liturgy of the Word, focuses on teaching humans about God and his plan for them
the second part of Mass, the liturgy of the Eucharist, focuses on humans showing their love to God |
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Term
| Why do humans need to ask God for things if God already knows their needs? |
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Definition
when God answers our prayers, the person praying acts as a secondary caue of God's gift to the world
prayer causes humans to humble themselves before God and become open to his will |
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Term
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Definition
| the virtue of having a compassionate heart for another's troubles |
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Term
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Definition
| the virtue of doing good to others |
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Term
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Definition
| the virtue of communicating with others in a cheerful and loving manner |
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Term
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Definition
| the disposition to give not only from a person's superfluous good, but also from one's necessities |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of mercy, beneficence and friendliness |
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Term
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Definition
| spreading the gospel to other people |
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Term
| define fraternal correction |
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Definition
| the virtue of correcting others who are sinning |
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Term
| what gift perfects charity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does wisdom perfect charity? |
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Definition
| it causes humans to judge by higher principles, only, in the case of the gift of wisdom, the higher principles are within the divine mind |
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Term
| list the eight beatitudes |
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Definition
1) blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven
2) blessed are they who morn, for they will be comforted
3) blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land
4) blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied
5) blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be theirs
6) blessed are the clean on heart, for they shall see God
7) blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God
8) blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs in the kingdom of heaven |
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Term
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Definition
| becasue of an imporper self-love, pride deceives a person to believe they are greater than they really are in relation to others |
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Term
| what are the three degrees of pride? |
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Definition
1) when people consider themselves to be greater than God
2) when people believe they are greater than other people
3) when people belive they are holier than they really are |
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Term
| why is lukewarmness a sin against charity? |
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Definition
the new covenent requires that all people love God, and if people are lukewarm, they are not loving
love requires that people ardently seek to do God's will |
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Term
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Definition
| the sin of choosing to avoid doing the actions that God is calling a person to perform |
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Term
| what sin is most contrary to the natural inclinations? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sin against love of others, sin of sorrowing at another's good fortune or rejoicing at another's misfortune |
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Term
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Definition
| sin of destroying unity between people either by fighting with others or by causing people to fight with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| sin of separating oneself from the unity of the Catholic Church |
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Term
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Definition
| sin of acting, speaking, or living in such a way that others are led to think that an evil act is permitted |
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Term
| what is the role of the virtue of prudence? |
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Definition
| prudence perfects the intellect to determine and command the best way of attaining an end |
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Term
| what sub-virtue perfects counsel and what does it make one good at doing? |
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Definition
euboulia: perfects the practical intellect to move from the universal propositions (the end) to a perticular action by researching and reasoning
they are good at making good decisions |
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Term
| do we have to take counsel for every action in order for it to be a human action? |
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Definition
| no, with more actions that humans perform, they have already taken counsel |
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Term
| explain the two virtues that perfect judgment |
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Definition
synesis: perfects the ability of the intellect to judge whether or not an action would attain the intended goal
gnome: perfects the ability of the intellect to judge by higher goals |
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Term
| what virtue perfects command? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is command the chief act of prudence? |
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Definition
| becuase prudence is right reason applied to action |
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Term
| in what two ways does prudence determine the mean? |
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Definition
1) determining the proper intensity of the appetitive powers
2) determing the proper object of these powers |
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Term
| explain what humans might do to increase their prudence |
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Definition
| practice making and commanding good decisions |
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Term
| what are the virtues of docility and caution |
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Definition
docility: being open to the wisdom of others
caution: perfects the intellect to be careful to avoid doing evil when performing an action |
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Term
| why do humans need the gift of counsel? |
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Definition
| helps the intellect determine what aspects of a situation are important to the action and helps the intellect understand these aspects |
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Term
| tell what virtue the sins against prudence contradict |
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Definition
rashness: failure to take good counsel; Euboulia
foolishness: fail to judge whether or not the action is in accord with either the intended end or the higher ends; synesis and gnome
inconstancy: when someone has chose a good action, but instead chooses a different evil action; failure to command what has been chosen
negligence: failure to be attentive to what should be done in a particular situation; failure to perfrom the proper actions in the present in order to avoid possible future bad effects from an action |
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Term
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Definition
| the virtue of perfecting th will to love God an tohers by giving them what pertains to their natural rights |
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Term
| how do we know which rights are authentic natural right? |
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Definition
| they are those things necessary for humans to fulfill their nature by entering into loving relationships with God and others |
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Term
| define commulative justice |
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Definition
| the mutal dealings between humans |
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Term
| define distributive justice |
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Definition
| the relation between the community as a whole and the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the relation between each individaul (or institution) and the common good |
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Term
| give an example of an action that would increase the virtue of justice |
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Definition
making the needs of others your own
giving food and shelter to the homeless |
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Term
| what is piety the mean between (give the excess and teh defect)? |
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Definition
impiety: not giving enough honor
idolatry: giving too much honor |
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Term
| what is the virtue of religion and why must humans tithe? |
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Definition
reverence: refers to the way that religious activities are performed
tithe: we have a natural law obligation to materially support the Church |
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Term
| why do humans have a national right to have friends? |
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Definition
| friends are essential for natural happiness |
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Term
| tell the excess and defect of the virtue: gratitude |
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Definition
excess: not possible
defect: ungratitude |
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Term
| tell the excess and defect of the virtue: obedience |
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Definition
excess: obeying laws that do not apply
defect: diobedience |
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Term
| tell the excess and defect of the virtue: honesty |
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Definition
excess: divulging more truth than one should
defect: lying |
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Term
| what are the three differnt ways that the virtue of liberality determines the mean in the spending and acquiring of money? Be able to give examples how this fits into your life. |
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Definition
1) spedning on oneself - only when necessary to meet bodily and spiritual needs
2) spending on others - the proper amount
3) acquiring money/material goods = acquire the proper amount of money in the proper way |
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Term
| why is veneration of an image that represents God not the sin of sacrilege? What is sacrilege? |
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Definition
by venerating the image of God or venerating a Saint (who is an image of God), humans worship God whom these images represent
desecration of a holy object is the sin of sacrilege |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the sin of treating God's name is a disrespectful manner |
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Term
| why is Sunday the Lord's day (and not Saturday)? |
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Definition
| Christ rose on Sunday. Sunday worship expresses the belief that Christians are a new creation in Jesus Christ |
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Term
| in general say what may and may not be done on Sunday. what must be done on Sunday? |
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Definition
a day devoted to enriching and enjoying the loving relationships between humans and between humans and God
mundane labor should be avoided if possible
recreational, familial, cultural, or entertaining work can be done
charitable and spiritual work are always allowed
necessary work, such as that of a doctor or nurse
Catholics MUST attend Mass on Sunday |
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Term
| in general, what are the duties of children toward their parents? |
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Definition
honor parent
obey parents (children)
respect parents and the adive they give (teens and adults)
take care of parents in their old age (adults) |
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Term
| what is the primary goal of parents? What must they do to attain this goal |
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Definition
help children attain eternal happiness
attain virtues
attain sanctifying grace
guide and motivate children to perform good actions |
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Term
| what is the original cell of soceity and why is it the original cell? |
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Definition
the family
it mirrors the image of the Trinity and is the place where moral virtue begins in children |
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Term
| What must society ensure that every family has? |
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Definition
| economic and educational resources needed to properly raise and educate children |
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Term
| in general, what does the fifth commandment prohibit? |
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Definition
| murder, physical violence, anger, hatred and vengence |
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Term
| why can killing be done in self-defense? |
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Definition
| the object of self-defense is differen than the object of murder |
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Term
| what is the object of the action and how do you determine it? |
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Definition
what the action is, what the will chooses
the object is the same as that which is intended if and only if that which is chosen is in moral conformity with what is intended |
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Term
| go through the steps of the principle of double effect to see why the object of the act of self-defense is saving one's life and not murder |
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Definition
1) the good act of saving one's life is intended
2) the good effect of saving one's life is roughly equal to the good of the life that will be lost
3) there is no other way to attain the good of saving one's life
4) it is only one action, since the good effect happens immediately upon the killing of the other person |
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Term
| go through the steps of the principle of double effect to see why the object of the act of an indirect abortion is saving the life of the mother and not murder (direct abortion) be sure you could explain what both direct and indirect abortions are |
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Definition
direct abortions = murder
indirect abortion = baby is killed as an unintended effect of saving the life of the mother
1) the intention is good: the woman intends to save her life. She does not intend to kill the baby
2) the good of the mother's life is roughly equal to that of the baby
3) removing the baby is the only way to save the life of the mother
4) there is only one action since the good effect of saving the mother is at least as immediate as the evil |
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Term
| be able to apply the just war principles to any particular war to see if it is a just war |
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Definition
1) the intention must always be to defend life and never for revenge, increasing power, etc. Both the governing authority and the soldiers involved must have this good intention
2) Military force can only be used if a country is protecting innocent people form lasting, grave, and certain damage
3) military force must be a last resort. There must be no other way of defending these innocent lives. All other forms of diplomacy with some chance of success must be exhausted
4) the actions must be called by a legitimate source
5) there must be some chance of success. humans must love their enemies, and they can only fight to save others. if saving others is not possible, then fighting is not allowable
6) the evils created must not be graver than the evils eliminated, and the fewest possible soldiers (on both sides) should be killed
7) Innocent citizens may never be intentionally killed |
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Term
| can humans morally participate in an unjust war? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the Chruch's view of the death penalty? |
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Definition
| although the Church is not essentially opposed to the deat penalty, she believes that it is almost never allowable in developed countries |
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Term
| how does suicide violate justice? |
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Definition
| it is contrary to love of God and love of others |
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Term
| when can necessary medical treatment be rejected? |
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Definition
1) death is imminent and inevitable
2) Medical procedures are burnedsome or disproportionate to the expected outcome |
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Term
| what two principles must govern the use of all material goods? Define these two principles. |
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Definition
universal destination of goods: material goods are for the benefit of all humans
right to private property: humans cna freely choose how to use their material goods |
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Term
| in what ways can good of production be used? |
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Definition
used to produce more material goods
used to benefit others as determined by the needs of the common good |
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Term
| how must goods of consumption be used? |
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Definition
ordered to the common good since the common good requires that all have access to teh necessities of life in order to flourish
consumed in moderation |
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Term
| love requires that what portion of man's property be used to help others? Explain. |
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Definition
| all of one's property must be used to help others. the key is to determine whethe the best way to help others is by consuming a necessary good, by giving money to the poor of the Church , or by investing in a business that helps the poor. |
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Term
| what are some forms of theft? |
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Definition
business fraud
materially taking advantage of the hardships of others |
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Term
| what are the sins of defect against honesty? |
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Definition
perjury: intentionally misleading others while under oath
not revealing truths that are essential to the unity of friends, family or society
lying is the sin of destroying unity by intentionally communicating a statement known to be contrary to the truth by either action or word
by cheating, humans lie about what they truly know harming both themselves and others
revealing the truth to encourage another to do an evil act |
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Term
| what are the sins of excess against honesty? |
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Definition
revealing information that destroyes another's reputation
revealing information that will cause fighting
revealing confidential information given under the seal of secrecy
boasting or bragging |
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Term
| when does one break the tenth commandment? |
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Definition
| when humans seek the material good of others to the extent that they wish evil upon them |
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Term
| define greed and poverty of heart |
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Definition
greed: an inordinate desire for material goods
poverty of heart: the proper amount of desire for material goods. Love others and God so much that they consider the needs of others more important than their own material goods |
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Term
| why is it a sin to reject pleasure to the extent of omitting things that are necessary for nature's preservation? |
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Definition
| he is acting counter to the order of nature. And this pertains tot eh vice of insensibility |
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Term
| why is it allowable to abstain from pleasure to attain a particular end? |
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Definition
| they abtain from pleasure, as a kind of diet, and those who are desirous of giving themselves up to contemplation and Divine things need much to refrain from carnal things. Because they are in accord with right reason they do not pertain to the vice of insensibility |
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Term
| why is drunkenness a sin/ |
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Definition
| becasue a man willingly and knowingly deprives himslef og the use of reason, whereby he performs virtuous deed and avoids sin, and thus he sins mortally by running the risk of falling into sin |
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Term
| what are a few reasons why the virtues that perfect the emotions are worth pursuing? |
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Definition
| if the emotions are properly ordered, they can make the performance of good actions easy and very pleasurable. The perfected emotions can cause the intellect and will to act with great intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| the virture that perfects the concupisible appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| to not take pleasure in good actions...it is a defect in the proper amount of emotional joy |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of willing the good in opposition to contrary emotions |
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Term
| what is sobriety and what is the excess in relation to it? |
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Definition
| sobriety is teh virtue that moderates the proper desire for alcohol and drugs. the excessive desire for alcohol is the vice of drunkenness |
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Term
| when does using alcohol become sinful? Why is using drungs that can hinder freedom wrong? |
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Definition
| actions perfromed by a drunken person are no longer human actions. Drunkenness causes humans to lose that which is distinct to them: the ability to freely perfrom good actions. Without the ability to judge, a human is not free. the mean for these morally harmful drugs is no desire at all |
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Term
| what is chastity, the excess, the defect? Explain all of these. |
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Definition
chastity: perfects the emotions to properly desire sexual pleasure
lust: a disordered desire for sexual pleasure or a disordered exercise of sexual pleasure
insensibility: hinders ability of spouses (within marriage) to express everlasting love. Also prohibits procreation |
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Term
| what are the last two sub-virtues listed...excesses...defects? |
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Definition
proper amount and type of leisure: too much leisure...no leisure at all
proper amount of emotional love: idolizes others...difficult to perform acts of love |
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Term
| what does the gift of the Holy Spirit that perfects temperance give humans the ability to do? |
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Definition
| perfects the emotions to desire the proper pleasure that result from good actions and from good loving relationships with God and others |
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Term
| Jesus says not only can one not commit adultery, he (or she) must not have... |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two higher ends of the exual act? Be able to explin both. |
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Definition
procreation: have children, raise them and teach them proper virtues so that they can enter into loving relationships with God and others
Unity: it becomes a way that spouses can continually reveal their interior love for each other throughout their lives |
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Term
| how does fornication fail the judgment by the higher ends? Homosexual actions? |
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Definition
fornication violates the procreative end of sex becasue the sexual act does not take place within the stable environment necessary for the proper formation and education of children. It also violates the unitive end
Homosexual actions: the procreative end is violated becasue these actions cannot take place within a divinely established marriage, since God only unites men and women within marriage |
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Term
| how does contraception violate the higher ends of the sexual act? |
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Definition
| the procreative end is violated because couples using contraception are no longer participating with God in creating other humans. the unitive end is violated becasue the message of the sexual act is contradicted. |
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Term
| why is the object of periodic abstinence different than the object of contraception? |
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Definition
this practice is allowable becasue it does not violate the higher ends of the sexual act in the way contraception does
the higher ends by which abstinence is judges are different than those by which sex is judged. the act of abstinence for a married couple must be judges by the higher end of whether there is a prudent reason to avoing having sex |
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Term
| why does artificial reproduction violate the higher ends? |
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Definition
heterologous: unitive - people other than the married couple are involved in the procreation of the child. procreative - it is not natural for humans
homologous: unitive - the act by which the child is brought into existence is not a sexual act where the couple completely gives themselves to each other |
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Term
| what is the difference between a divorce and an annulment? |
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Definition
| an annulment is not a divorce but a statement by the Church confirming that the marriage never existed in the first place. People with an annulment are free to get a legal divorce and remarry |
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Term
| what is the virtue of modesty? |
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Definition
| refusing to unveil what society and nature consider to be a sexual value |
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Term
| what is fortitude and why is it necessary? |
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Definition
it is the virtue that perfects the irascible emotions to aid humans in overcoming difficult obstacles in the performance of good actions
fortitude drives people to easily and promptly overcome any difficulties when entering into the loving relationships that result in proper emotional pleasure |
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Term
| what are the two components of the virtue of fortitude and which is the chied component? |
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Definition
1) prudently fighting evil: refers to any action where humans actively strive to overcome a difficulty/evil
2) enduring evil: when humans recognize that fighting the evil is no longer prudent, and they patiently endure the evil/difficulty
(this is the chief component) |
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Term
| define the virtue and give the excess and defect: courage |
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Definition
define: perfects the emotions to motivate the person to act rationally in the face of great danger
excess: foolishness - too much daring
defect: coward - too much fear |
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Term
| define the virtue and give the excess and defect: magnanimity |
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Definition
define: people drive their intellect to set high goals and drive their wills to intend them
excess: seeking goals that are impossible
defect: pusillanimity - small-mindedness |
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Term
| define the virtue and give the excess and defect: perseverance |
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Definition
define: prefects emotions to drive a person to attan goals
excess: overzealous - too much desire to attian a difficult worldly goal
defect: lazy - does not have the desire to perform difficult actions |
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Term
| define the virtue and give the excess and defect: patience |
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Definition
define: perfects humans to endure evils when they are unable to actively combat them
excess: impatience
defect: no emotional drive to overcome evil |
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|
Term
| define the virtue and give the excess and defect: meekness |
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Definition
define: virtue of being able to control one's anger
excess: unjust anger
defect: apathy |
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Term
| what are the three ways anger can be unjust? |
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Definition
1) when someone is angry but has not suffered a true injustice
2) when anger is too intense
3) when anger is held for too long |
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Term
| is attaining life-long (and eventually eternal) happiness easy? Be able to defend your answer. |
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Definition
| no, we all deal with difficulties and struggles in our lives. It is how we choose to overcome the obstacles that allows us to grow closer to Christ and eternal happiness. christ tells us that if we want eternal life with the promise of JOY we must take up our crosses (struggles) and follow HIM! |
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