Term
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Definition
a. 17th century movement
b. God is the creator of the world, but does not continue to be involved with the world.
i. The idea of God as "the great clockmaker" or "watchmaker" is a metaphor for this belief |
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Term
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Definition
a. Placed considerable emphasis on the experiential aspects of religion
b. It emphasized the personal appropriation of faith and the need for holiness in Christian living.
c. It was a sharp contrast with the intellectualism of enlightenment movements that prioritize intellectualism
i. Strongly linked the Christian faith and experience.
d. Well established in Germany by the 17th century |
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Term
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Definition
a. There are realities stronger than reason, and that experience could not be reduced to rationalism or scientific observation
b. Supporters emphasize experience
i. Reason only provides surface knowledge and that intuition and feeling allow humanity to sense realities that that reason alone could not
c. The world is vital and alive
i. A divine force or spirit was behind nature and the same vital force also existed in human beings.
ii. (vs. Deists)
d. Religion becomes a question of faith, not of rationalization and proof
e. Friedrich Schleiermacher |
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Term
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Definition
a. Romanticist
b. "On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers"(1799)
i. Religion is rooted on a sense of dependence; it must be experienced. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Pietism in middle colonies spread by preachers like Theodore Frelinghuysen led to a series of revivals.
b. Charles Finney explains some of the beliefs characteristic of revivals:
i. Revivals are important to provoke spiritual and moral change quickly, although education will lead to gradual improvement.
ii. Excitement is used to wake up "dormant moral powers" and "roll back the tide of degradation and sin"
iii. Excitement provokes sinners to stop procrastinating their repentance.
iv. Excitement provokes sinners to overcome fear of being laughed at by their companions
v. Promoting religion is not inconsistent with God's sovereignty. |
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Term
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Definition
a. First phase of revival
i. Known as the "Frontier Revival"
ii. Was rooted in rural New England beginning in the mid 1730's
c. Preachers like Jonathan Edwards began to speak against Arminianism and experienced large numbers of conversions
d. Continued in New England with the preaching of George Whitefield's second visit to America in 1739 -1741
i. Preachers built from Edwards and Whitefield's style of dramatic preaching and itinerancy
ii. In the South, Anglicanism was marginalized
iii. Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists preached an evangelistic religion and a critique of the hierarchical social order |
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Term
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Definition
a. Occured in the 19th century
b. Is known for its interest in social reform and instantaneous conversion experiences.
b. It was characterized by revivalism, various campaigns for moral and social improvement, and the emergence of new religious groups
b. New Religious Movements emerge in the U.S.
i. The Jehovah's Witnesses (est. 1852)
ii. Seventh-Day Adventists church (est. 1863)
iii. Spiritualism (est. 1848)
iv. The Church of Christ, Scientist (est. 1879)
v. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints [The Mormon Church] (est. 1830)
vi. The Holiness Movement (Pentecostalism)
c. Important abolitionists and religious leaders:
i. Charles Finney
ii. Harriet Beecher Stowe
1) "Uncle Tom's Cabin", 1852
iii. Sarah Moore Grimke (1792 -1873) and her younger sister Angelina
iv. Jarena Lee
1) First female preacher in the AME church
v. Frederick Douglass
1) "I love the pure, peaceable, and impartial Christianity of Christ: I therefore therefore hate the corrupt, slaveholding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering, partial and hypocritical Christianity of this land. Indeed I can see no reason, but the most deceitful one for calling the religion of this land Christianity."
~From "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave" |
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Term
| Descendants of Ham/Curse of Ham |
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Definition
Used to connect blackness with slavery:
The story of Noah cursing Canaan, the son of Ham, and his descendants into slavery
i. Africans were Ham's descendants |
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Term
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Definition
Used to connect blackness with slavery:
Idea that the mark on Cain was a darkening of the skin, punishment for sin is passed on to dark-skinned races |
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Term
| William Wilberforce (1759-1833) |
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Definition
Seeked to abolish British slave trade and slavery in the British Empire
i. Evangelical reformer |
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Term
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Definition
| "Uncle Tom's Cabin", 1852 |
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Term
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Definition
| First female preacher in the AME church |
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Term
| Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)- Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave |
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Definition
| Said, "I love the pure, peaceable, and impartial Christianity of Christ: I therefore hate the corrupt, slaveholding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering, partial and hypocritical Christianity of this land. Indeed I can see no reason, but the most deceitful one for calling the religion of this land Christianity." |
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Term
| Social goals of 19th century Protestant reformers |
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Definition
1) To evangelize the world
a. Revivals by Dwight Moody and Ira Sanker
b. 3 R's
i. Ruin by sin
ii. Redemption by Christ
iii. Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
2) To reform personal and public life
i. Temperance
~A movement to limit (and eventually ban) the consumption, sale, and production of alcohol
ii. 2 goals
~To redeem urban life
~To unify Protestantism institutionally |
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Term
| Dwight L Moody (1837-1899) |
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Definition
| A part of revivals during post-civil war times |
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Term
| Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918) |
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Definition
a. German-American Baptist
b. Minister for 10 years in Hell's Kitchen then professor of church history at Rochester Seminary
c. Combined justice from the Old Testament prophets with a commitment to building the Kingdom of God through the power of Christ. |
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Term
| Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907), Christianizing the Social Order (1912) |
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Definition
| Works by Walter Rauschenbusch |
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Term
| Historical Criticism of Scripture |
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Definition
a. Late 19th century trends in biblical scholarship undermined confidence in the truthfulness of Scripture
i. An increase in knowledge about the ancient world led some scholars to consider Christianity as just one of many similar religions of the ancient near East.
ii. A willingness to acknowledge the impact of biblical writers’ worldviews and questions about events reported in the Bible led some academics to question miracle stories and the New Testament depiction of Jesus.
~"The Christ of faith vs. the Historical Jesus" (David Friedrich Strauss)
iii. Advancements in the study of ancient texts convinced other scholars that many writings in the Bible were composed centuries later that Christians had traditionally thought. |
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Term
| Charles Hodge (1797-1878) |
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Definition
| Rejected evolution as atheism, because it made no allowance for divine purpose in control of the physical world. |
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Term
| Benjamin B. Warfield (1851-1921) |
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Definition
a. (Princeton Theological Seminary) defended the concept of biblical inerrancy.
i. 1881: Warfield stated that scripture did not only contain the word of God, but IS the word of God. |
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Term
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Definition
| All Scriptural statements are truthful if interpreted according to the sense in which the biblical authors intended them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Protestant idea that adopts a Reformation way of reading the Bible of prioritizing literal meaning. |
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Term
| The Fundamentals(1910 -1915) |
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Definition
a. Essays issued by British and American conservative writers emphasize:
1) The truth of the literal meaning of the biblical text (verbal inerrancy)
2) The divinity of Jesus Christ
3) The Virgin birth
4) Substitution theory of atonement (Jesus died on the cross in place of sinners)
5) Christ's resurrection in flesh |
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Term
| Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species (1859) |
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Definition
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Term
| Liberal Protestantism (aka Liberal Theology or Liberalism) |
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Definition
a. A movement in 19th century Germany that emphasized continuity between religion and culture.
i. Flourished in the time between F.D.E. Schleiermacher and Paul Tillich
ii. Committed to bridging the gap between Christian faith and modern knowledge.
iii. 2 approaches to problematic doctrines:
1) They were abandoned as outdated or mistaken interpretations.
Ex.: Original sin
2) They were reinterpreted to be more consistent with the spirit of age
Ex.: doctrines related to the person of Jesus Christ, including his divinity.
b. Grounded Christian faith in common human experience and modern culture.
c. Inspired by a vision of human progress and prosperity.
i. Demonstrates optimism in human ability and potential
d. Argued that religion should provide ethical guidance to society
e. Paul Tillich |
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Term
| Paul Tillich (1886-1965) Systematic Theology (1951–63) |
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Definition
a. A German-American theologian
b. Rose to fame in the US in the late 1950's and early 60s, towards the end of his career.
c. Systematic Theology(1951 -1963)
i. Develops his "method of correlation"
1) Theology formulates answers to questions of ultimate concern, and by doing so it correlates the gospel to modern culture. |
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Term
| Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) |
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Definition
a. 1892 -1971
b. American (of German descent) preacher
i. Theological ethicist
c. Sin (public and private)
i. Sin permeates everything that we do
ii. Privately we could follow Jesus, but impossible as a society
d. Turn against Liberalism
e. Christians shouldengage some kind of politics, but turn to God and repent
f. The Serenity Prayer
i. "God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to know the difference." |
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Term
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Definition
a. A position critical of liberalism
b. Stressed the otherness of God, and sought to place the emphasis of Christianity on God rather than humanity. |
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Term
| Karl Barth (1886-1968) Church Dogmatics (1936-1956) |
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Definition
1) Argued that theology is a response to the Word of God
a. Word of God
i) Jesus Christ
ii) The preached Word
iii) The written Word
2) Draws from the thinkers in the period of Reformed Orthodoxy (17th century) |
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Term
| 19th Century Holiness movements |
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Definition
a. John Wesley's doctrine of Christian perfection
b. Sanctification comes about from a baptism with/of the Holy Ghost
c. Breakaway denominations:
i. Church of the Nazarene
ii. The Church of God |
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Term
| Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) |
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Definition
a. Founded the Christian Science movement (Church of Christ, Scientist)
b. "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures" |
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Term
| Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929) |
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Definition
| Prayed for "baptism of the Holy Ghost" and began to speak in strange tongues. |
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Term
| Baptism of/with the Holy Ghost |
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Definition
Concerning Pentecostalism:
a. Sanctification comes about from a baptism with/of the Holy Ghost
b. Baptism of the Holy Spirit as third blessing |
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Term
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Definition
Pentecostalism characteristic:
~considered the biblical mark of one truly baptized in the Spirit |
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Term
| William J. Seymour (1870-1922) |
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Definition
Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles
i.Fervent prayer
ii. Speaking in tongues
iii. Singing of new hymns
iv. Healing of the sick
v. Full participation of women in public activities
vi. The participation of both blacks and whites in its nightly meetings |
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Term
| Azusa Street Revival (1906-09) |
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Definition
| Pentecostal revival movement in LA |
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Term
| Aimee Semple McPherson(1890-1944) |
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Definition
i. A standard fundamentalist and Pentecostal emphases
ii. Created first known church radio station
iii. Angelus Temple in Los Angeles, CA (1922)
iv. Founded International church of Foursquare Gospel (1927)
v. Authority and power to speak of Christian perfectionism from the Holy Spirit |
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Term
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Definition
~do not specify the steps of the Spirit's work as specifically as Pentecostals
~continues to grow in Catholicism and in Africa, South America, and Asia |
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Term
| Defining characteristics of Pentecostalism |
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Definition
a. Unmediated experience of the Holy Spirit
b. Speaking in tongues is the biblical mark of one truly baptized in the Spirit:
i. Xenoglossia = speaking a known language to those unfamiliar with it
ii. Glossolalia: speaking of an unknown language by a person ignorant of it
c. Baptism of the Holy Spirit as third blessing
d. Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, William J. Seymour |
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Term
| Feminist theological critiques |
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Definition
a. Patriarchy
b. Misogyny
c. Androcentrism
d. 19th century feminists argued that women should have access to educational opportunities that would permit them to become authoritative interpreters of the bible:
i. Sarah Grimke
ii. Elizabeth Cady Stanton -"The Women's Bible"
e. 20th century feminists criticized the detrimental effects of patriarchal construction of Christianity:
i. Mary Daly (post-Christian feminist)
ii. Carol Christ
1) retrieval of goddess religions (female representation)
f. Feminist Christian theology aims to criticize male-dominated or male-focused aspects of the tradition and challenge images of God and God's relation to humanity.
i. Sarah Coakley
1) Feminist historian
ii. Jacquelyn Grant
iii. Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Male-centeredness, focus on maleness as definitive/descriptive for humanity |
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Term
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Definition
| A network of social systems that privileges males through authority and power and subordinates females and others |
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Term
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) The Woman’s Bible |
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Definition
| A commentary on the Bible (i.e. women's study Bibles, devotionals, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
~post-Christian feminist
~criticized the detrimental effects of patriarchal construction of Christianity |
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Term
| Jacquelyn Grant and black womanist theology |
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Definition
| ~Black womanist theology (womanism) refers to some, though not all religious writings of black women in North America |
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Term
| Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz and mujerista theology |
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Definition
| ~Mujeristatheology reflects the concerns of Latina Women in the Americas |
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Term
| Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936) Sexism and God-Talk (1983) |
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Definition
| ~suggests that we use the term "God/ess" in "Sexism and God-Talk" |
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Term
| Preferential option for the poor |
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Definition
~A part of Latin American Liberation Theology
~The church must be on the side of the poor because God is committed to the poor |
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Term
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Definition
~A part of Latin American Liberation Theology
~Gutierrez writes that theology is a "critical reflection on Christian praxis in light of the word of God." |
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Term
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Definition
a. is the organizing principle:
i. Theology exists "to put into ordered speech the meaning of God's activity in the world, so that the community of the oppressed will recognize that its inner thrust for liberation is not only consistent withthe gospel but is the gospel of Jesus Christ." |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that we can have corporate responsibility for sinful actions that originate from social systems |
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Term
| Latin American Liberation theology |
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Definition
a. CELAM II
i. A meeting of Catholic bishops of Latin America at Medellin, Columbia in 1968
ii. Acknowledged that the church sided with oppressive governments in Latin America but should be on the side of the poor.
b. Gustavo Gutierrez
i)
The church must be on the side of the poor because God is committed to the poor
b)
Commitment to praxis
i)
Gutierrez writes that theology is a "critical reflection on Christian praxis in light of the word of God."
c)
Salvation as liberation
i)
Focus on social, political, and economic aspects of salvation
c.
Leonardo Boff (b. 1938)
d.
Juan Luis Segundo (1925 -1996)
e.
Jose Miguez Bonino (b. 1924)
i.
Methodist |
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Term
| Gustavo Gutierrez (b. 1928), Theology of Liberation (1971) |
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Definition
Wrote "Theology of Liberation"(1971)
a. Theological themes:
1)God's preferential option for the poor
2) Commitment to praxis
3) Salvation as liberation
i) Focus on social, political, and economic aspects of salvation |
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Term
| Martin Luther King (1929-1968) |
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Definition
i. Political views are not separate from theology
ii. And ideal social and political arrangement of society comes from the activity of God in history
iii. Was influenced by liberal theology early in his career, but had lost hope in the ideals of liberalism by 1967
iv. He began to address the deficiencies of capitalism as evil |
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Term
| James Cone (b. 1938) Black Theology and Black Power (1969) and A Black Theology of Liberation (1970) |
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Definition
a. "Black Theology and Black Power" (1969)
1) Makes a connection between the black power movement and the gospel
2) Liberation is the organizing principle:
i. Theology exists "to put into ordered speech the meaning of God's activity in the world, so that the community of the oppressed will recognize that its inner thrust for liberation is not only consistent withthe gospel but is the gospel of Jesus Christ."
3) God is black = God identifies with the oppressed
4) Jesus is the black Christ:
i. "The black community is an oppressed community primarily because of its blackness; hence the Christological importance of Jesus must be found in his blackness. If he is not black as we are, then the resurrection has little significance for our times. Indeed, if he cannot be what we are, we cannot be who he is."
b. "A Black Theology of Liberation"(1970)
c. Cones work is written for and to black Christians in the context of the struggle of the 1960's |
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Term
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Definition
| Theology must be contextual and prophetic |
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Term
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Definition
a. Was the 21st century ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church.
b. It symbolizes the church's readiness to acknowledge the circumstances of the modern world.
c. It is known for changes in ecclesiology:
i. Changes to Latin mass
ii. Increased participation of laity
iii. Collegiality as a principle among bishops and the pope
iv. Engages other religions
d. Lumen Gentium(The Light of the Peoples)
i. The "Dogmatic Constitution on the Church":
1) Church hierarchy and involvement of laypeople
e. Gaudium et Spes(Joy and Hope)
i. The "Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the world of today"
1) Statement on humanity in the modern world, relation of the church to contemporary culture
f. Dei Verbum(On Devine Revelation)
i. The "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation"
1) Open attitude toward scholarly study of the Bible
g. Sacrosanctum Concilium
i. The "Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy"
1) Use of vernacular languages instead of Latin Mass
h. Nostra Aetate(In Our Age)
i. The "Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions"
1) Apology to the Jewish people for their Christian Persecutions
i. Dignitatis Humanae(Of the Dignity of the Human Person)
i. The "Declaration on Religious Freedom"
1) Freedom of conscience, religious liberty |
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Term
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Definition
a. Ecumenism refers to efforts aimed at promoting Christian unity or cooperation across denominations.
b. The world Council of Churches (WCC) was established in 1948 after World War II
c. The Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople lift their excommunication of each other (1054)
d. "Joint Declaration on Justification by Faith" issued by Lutherans and Catholics in 1999
e. Pope John Paul II:
i. Restoring relations with Eastern Orthodox churches
ii. Restoring relations with the non-Chalcedonian (Oriental) Orthodox churches |
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