Term
| What are the major aggressive factors in the development of peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
1. H. pylori
2. NSAIDs
3. Gastric Acid
4. Pepsin
5. Smoking
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|
|
Term
| How do NSAIDs and aspirin cause peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
1. They inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins
2. They decrease blood flow, mucus and bicarbonate |
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|
Term
| Which microbe is associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the preferred options for prophylaxis of NSAID-induced ulcers? |
|
Definition
1. proton-pump inhibitor (omeprazole)
2. Misoprostol
3. Discontinue NSAIDs |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of ulcer development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What goals are involved in ulcer treatment? |
|
Definition
1. alleviate symptoms
2. promote healing
3. prevent complications
4. prevent recurrence |
|
|
Term
| What are the five classes of antiulcer drug? |
|
Definition
1. Antibiotics
2. Antisecretory agents
3. mucosal protectant
4. antisecretory agent that enhances mucosal defense
5. antacids |
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|
Term
| What are the three ways antiulcer drugs work? |
|
Definition
1. eradicate H. pylori
2. reduce gastric secretions
3. enhance mucosal defense |
|
|
Term
| What are the medications used for H. pylori ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would you use more than one antibiotic to treat H. pylori? |
|
Definition
| If one antibiotic is used alone there is a greater risk of developing resistance. |
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|
Term
| Why aren't people compliant with H. pylori treatment? |
|
Definition
1. the course can include up to 12 pills per day for fourteen days
2. There are GI side effects
3. The treatment is expensive |
|
|
Term
| What medications can be used to treat NSAID-related ulcers? |
|
Definition
1. Proton pump inhibitors
2. Misoprostol |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the H2 receptor antagonists used to + |
|
Definition
1. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
2. Ranitidine (Zantac)
3. Famotidine (Pepcid)
4. Nizatidine (Axid) |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics are commonly used to treat H. pylori? |
|
Definition
1. Amoxicillin
2. Clarithromycin
3. Bismuth compounds
4. Tetracycline
5. Metronidazole
6. Trinadazole |
|
|
Term
| What are some more natural ways of managing constipation? |
|
Definition
| Increased fluid and fiber intake in the diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cardiovascular disorders
episiotomy
hemorrhoids
surgical and diagnostic prep
ileostomy or colostomy
impaction prevention in bedridden patients
pregnancy
certain constipating drugs |
|
|
Term
| How and why does laxative abuse occur? What can result? |
|
Definition
1. People think BMs must occur daily
2. People can use them OTC
3. Bowel replenishment after BM can take 2-3 days and be mistaken for constipation
Results:
1. electrolyte imbalance
2. colitis
3. dehydration
4. diminished defecatory reflexes |
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|
Term
| What are the most effective drugs available for suppressing nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
| Serotonin antagonists (Zofran) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most effective antiemetics available? |
|
Definition
| Serotonin antagonists (Zofran) |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the receptors involved in emetic responses? |
|
Definition
1. Serotonin
2. Substance P/neurokinin
3. Dopamine
4. muscarinic cholinergic
5. histamine |
|
|
Term
| When is the best time to medicate for n/v? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs work well for motion sickness? |
|
Definition
1. muscarinic anticholingerics
2. antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| What are the most effective anti-diarrheal agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is diphenoxylate (Lomotil)?
|
|
Definition
An opioid only used for diarrhea. It is water insoluble and cannot be given parenterally.
Side effects include CNS effects when taken in large doses, but not when taken in antidiarrheal doses. |
|
|
Term
| What is loperamide (Immodium)? |
|
Definition
A structural analog of meperidine, employed to treat diarrhea and reduce the volume of discharge from ileostomies.
Suppresses bowel motility and fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen. |
|
|
Term
| What should you do prior to starting an anti-diarrheal agent? |
|
Definition
| Test the stool for c. difficile |
|
|
Term
Which drugs should be used for irritable bowel syndrome?
|
|
Definition
1. Alosetron (Lotronex)
2. lubiprostone
3. tegaserod |
|
|
Term
| Who would use pancreatic enzymes such as lipase, amylase and protease? |
|
Definition
| People with cystic fibrosis, pancreatoectomy, pancreatitis and obstruction of the pancreatic duct |
|
|
Term
| What are the anorectal preparations for? |
|
Definition
| Patients with chronic anal fissures |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common disorder of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| Irritable Bowel Syndrom (IBS) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the IBS medications is only used in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two conditions are considered to be Inflammatory Bowel diseases? |
|
Definition
Crohn's Disease
ulcerative colitis |
|
|
Term
Which medications are used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
|
|
Definition
1. 5-aminosalicylates
2. glucocorticoids
3. immunosuppressnats
4. immunomodulators
5. antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are fat soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classic effects of Vitamine D deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults |
|
|
Term
| What does Vitamin K deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the daily recommended dose of folic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body process is vitamin K required for? |
|
Definition
| the synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is both a vitamin and a drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deficiency causes beriberi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease process is Niacin used as a drug to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which patient behavior would put them at risk for thiamine deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be caused by folic acid deficiency during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three families of drugs used to treat glaucoma? |
|
Definition
1. beta blockers (betaxolol, carteolol, levobunolol, metripranolol and timolol)
2. Prostaglandin analogs (Latanoprost)
3. Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists (Brimonidine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that paralyze the ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that dilate the pupil |
|
|
Term
| How is age-related macular degeneration treated? |
|
Definition
Dry macular degeneration is treated with a regimen of Vitamin C, Vitamine E, beta-carotene, and zinc
Wet macular degeneration is treated with laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors. |
|
|
Term
| What are angiogenesis inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Drugs that suppress growth of new blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| How is allergic conjunctivitis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cautions are advised when taking topical glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Do not use occlusive dressings, diapers, or plastic pants. |
|
|
Term
| What are keratolytic agents used for? |
|
Definition
| They promote shedding of the horny layer of the skin |
|
|
Term
| What cautions are necessary when treating acne with antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| If signs of severe local irritation occur the frequency of application should be reduced. |
|
|
Term
| What cautions are necessary when using Accutane? |
|
Definition
Blood triglyceride levels should be measured prior to treatment and periodically during treatment.
Avoid alcohol
DO NOT USE DURING PREGNANCY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree of UVB protection offered by a sunscreen product |
|
|
Term
| Psoriasis and eczema are autoimmune issues. What are some treatments that we have talked about? |
|
Definition
MTX: methotrexate - cytotoxic agent that reduces the proliferation of epidermal cells
Glucocorticoids - suppress the activity of inflammatory cells |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most prevalent childhood illnesses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for otitis media? |
|
Definition
| Pain medication for all children and antibiotic treatment for some who may need it. |
|
|
Term
| What are recent guidelines for antibiotic therapy? |
|
Definition
| the use of observation for 48-72 hours in conjunction with pain relief therapy to allow the infection time to resolve on its own before starting any antibiotic therapy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the antibiotic of choice for otitis media? What is given if the infection is resistent to this drug? |
|
Definition
High dose amoxicillin
azithromycin, clarithromycin |
|
|
Term
| What are two vaccines that can prevent otitis media? |
|
Definition
vaccination against pneumonia (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine)
flu vaccine |
|
|
Term
| How is otitis media with effusion treated? |
|
Definition
Short term glucocorticoids will help decrease inflammation
Antibiotics don't have much effect |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for otitis externa? |
|
Definition
| 2% solution of acetic acid to kill bacteria and alcohol to dry out ear as well as cipro or Keflex ear drops as antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| If the otitis externa is fungal, what needs to be used in the treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some safeguards we have in place regarding dietary supplements? |
|
Definition
package labeling
the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
Promotional material |
|
|
Term
| what are some dangers of herbal remedies? |
|
Definition
| They can interact with other drugs, sometimes with serious results |
|
|
Term
| Do herbal remedies have side effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is black cohosh used to treat? |
|
Definition
| symptoms of menopause including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, palpitations, depression, irritability and sleep disturbances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart failure, muscle injury caused by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), and mitrochrondiral encephalomyopathies. |
|
|
Term
| What is cranberry juice used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is echinacea used for? |
|
Definition
| immunity, inflammation suppression, viral infection treatment, wounds, burns, eczema and psoriasis, and herpes simplex. |
|
|
Term
| What is flaxseed used for? |
|
Definition
| constipation and dyslipidemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce triglyceride and LDL levels and raise HDL |
|
|
Term
| What is ginger root used for? |
|
Definition
| vertigo and nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, morning sickness, sea sickness, and general anesthesia. |
|
|
Term
| What is St. John's Wort used for? |
|
Definition
| mild to moderate depression |
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