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Chpt. 7
Encoding and Storage of Memory
53
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/10/2012

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Cards

Term
Memory
Definition
the means of changes being stored in the brain
Term
encoding
Definition
putting memory away
Term
storage
Definition
mainaining memory over time
Term
retrieval
Definition
recovery memory
Term
attention
Definition

focussing awareness on a narrowed rango of stimuli

multitasking usually leads to worse performance

Term
levels of processing
Definition

deeper levels leads to longer lasting memory codes

 

Term
structural encoding
Definition

stresses physical structure

shallowest level of encoding memories

Term
phonemic
Definition

what it sounds like

middle level of encoding memories

Term
semantic
Definition

meaning

deepest level of memory

Term
Elaboration
Definition
linking a stim. to other info at the time of encoding
Term
Dual coding
Definition

visual imagery

memory enhanced by forming semantic wiht visual codes

Term
Sensory Memory
Definition

info in its origional snesory form for a fraction of a second

visual after images

Term
Short Term Memory
Definition

remember for up to 20 seconds

 

Term
rehearsal
Definition

repeated verbalizing about info

allows for longer storage

Term
Chunking
Definition
grouping things to remember and increase capacity of short term
Term
interference
Definition

competing material

capacity is limited (new replaces old)

Term
long term memory
Definition
unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
Term
flashbulb memories
Definition

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

become less detailed and accurate with time

Term
Schemas
Definition

organized clusters of knowledge about particular events and objects

increased remembering inconsistent and consistent with schemas

Term
Semantic Networks
Definition

concepts joined by pathways that link related concepts

spreading activation

Term
retrieval cues
Definition
number and effectiveness of cues influence how easy it will be to retrieve info
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
associating lists wiht spatial places
Term
Contextual Cues
Definition

mentally recreating a context

reading an article in a noisy vs. quiet enviorment

Term
Mood/ state dependent learning
Definition

where you learn affects how you remember things

if you learn somehting in a classroom you will remember it better in that classroom

 

Term
Misinformation Effect
Definition

recall of a witnessed event is altered by information after the event

source monitoring

Term
Forgetting
Definition

may be adaptive mechanism

Ebbinghaus found that people remember meaningful information better

Term
recall
Definition
retrieve info learned earlier
Term
recognition
Definition
identifying items previously learned
Term
Relearning
Definition

time saved on 2nd relearning

saving score

Term
Inefective encoding
Definition

lack of attention

phonemic vs. semantic encoding

Term
Interferance
Definition

competition from other material

more likely cause than decay

 

Term
retroactive
Definition
new info interferes with old info
Term
Proactive
Definition
old info interferes with new info
Term
Retrieval Failure
Definition

tip of the tongue phenomenon

encoding specific principle- cues similar to memory code are more helpful

Term
Motivated Forgetting
Definition

repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconsious

Term
Repressed Memories
Definition

Pro- abuse is more common than realized, believe victims

Con- independent with other issues that are highly suggestable, some repressed memories have been disproven, ability to plant false memories

Term
amnesia
Definition
inability to remember
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
dificulty remmbering things before an injury
Term
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
difficulty remembering memories after an injury
Term
H.M.
Definition

subject who got his hippocampus and amygdala taken out for sever epileptic seizures

had sever anterograde amnesia, was not able to form new long term memories

Term
Digit Span +1 Test
Definition

repeat digits, add digit to end after every trial

H.M. performed worse than normal person

Term
Block Tapping
Definition

spatial Memory

9 blocks spread out and have to tap them in order repeatedly

H.M. performed worse than a normal person

Term
Hippocampus
Definition

invloved in memory consolidation

conversion from short to long

long term then stored in other areas of cortex

occurs during sleep

spatial memory

easily damaged by alzheimers and strokes

Term
Long Term Potential
Definition

learning results in enhanced synaptic connections

increases in neural excitability at synapses along specific pathway

increases realease of neurotransmitters at specific neurotransmitters

 

Term
Neural Circuitry of Memory
Definition

specific memories may depend on localized neural circuits

pathway for conditioned eye blink

cerebellum

Term
Neurogenesis
Definition

making new neurons

suppressed neurogenesis associated with memory impairment

increased neurogenesis associated with enhanced learning

Term
Stimulus Response Learning
Definition

classical conditioning

Tone

puff of air

H.M. retained conditioned response 2 years after

Term
Motor Memory Tasks
Definition

Mirror- Drawing Test- H.M. improved but couldnt remember doing it

Rotary Pursuit Tset- again no rememberance but improved

Term
Incomplete Pictures Test
Definition

5 sets-  #1 (extremely fragmented) though #5 (complete picture)

H.M. could recognize picture faster after experience

Term
Types of Memory
Definition

Declarative/ Explicit

and

Nondeclarative/ Implicit

Term
Declarative/ Explicit Memory
Definition

factual info

words, names, digits, dates, events, concepts, ideas, etc.

seems to require more consious awareness

more vulnerable to forgetting

medial temporal lobes

Term
Nondeclarative/ Implicit Memory
Definition

actions, skills, emotional memories

procedural info for motor skills

seems to require less consious awareness

less decay over time

cerebellum

Term
Types of Declarative Memory
Definition

Episodic Memory- chronological recollections of personal experiences, autobiography

Semantic Memory- general knowledge, encyclopedia

Retrospective Memory- remembering events from past or previously learned info

Prospective Memory- remmebering to perform actions in the future

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