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| cell body, inside is nucleus |
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| provide support for neurons |
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| branches or fingers of cells that receive signals from other cells |
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| fiber that carries signals from soma to other cells |
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| insulating material that encases some axons |
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| small knobs at the ends of axons that release neurotransmitters at synapses |
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| the space between a terminal button and dendrites |
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| when the charge outside of the cell is different than outside |
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| neuron is stable, negative charge inside cell when inactive, polarized, |
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high voltage spike that runs along the axon and releases neurotransmitters,
Occur when threshold of excitation (-55 mV) is reached, Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes into the cell |
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| amount of time before another action potential can happen |
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| absolute refractory potential |
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| makes action potential impossible during this time becuase sodium channels are closed |
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| made up of lipid bilayer, contains ion channels, Gated ion channels open and close in response to voltage and chemical |
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| electrically charged molecules, K+ and Protein- inside cell, Na+ and Cl- outside |
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| cells either fire a neuron or don't, there is no in between |
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Stimulus strength influences frequency of action potentials,
More frequent action potentials sends stronger message |
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Brief changes in resting potential
Influence whether or not a neuron will generate an action potential
if more EPSPs than IPSPs than an neuron will fire |
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
depolarizes, increase neuron fire |
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
hyper polarize
decrease likelihood that neurons will fire |
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Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
Involved in every aspect of human behavior
Specific neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors
Most neurons release only 1 type of neurotransmitter |
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| released by neurons that control skeletal muscles, neuromuscular junctions, Released by motor nerve and binds to motor end plate, Helps to cause muscle contraction, Also involved in: Attention, Arousal, Memory, Agonist – Nicotine, Antagonist – Botox, Curare |
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| a drug that increases the amount of a neurotransmitter |
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| a drug that decreases the amount of a neurotransmitter |
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Voluntary movements, Parkinson’s disease – degeneration of dopamine neurons, Schizophrenia – too much dopamine activity, Reward pathway (addiction) |
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| stress and mood regulation |
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Sleep-wake cycle, Eating behavior, Mood regulation |
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most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter
regulates anxiety and sleep |
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Most abundant excitory neurotransmitter
learning and memory |
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resemble opiates in structure and effect
several subtypes and receptors
analgesia-less pain
pleasure-runner's high
stress and addiction |
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made up of brain and spinal cord
encased in skull and spinal column, cerebrospinal fluid supports and cushions brain
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| made up of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
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| info from brain to voluntary muscles, to body, to sensory receptors |
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| outgoing nerves from brain |
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| nerves to heart, smooth muscles and glands, involuntary and visceral functions |
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mobilizes bodily resources, involved in fight or flight reaction
Neurotransmitters: epinephrine and norepinephrine which increase heart rate |
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conserves bodily resources, involved in relaxation
neurotransmitters: acetylcholine which decreases heart rate |
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| selectively permeable, keeps most toxins out |
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| basic survival, eating, sleeping, sex |
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coordinates fine muscle movement and ballance
depressed by alcohol |
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regulates unconsious functions such as breathing and circulation
carries signals from spinal cord to brain |
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involved in sleep and arousal
and reticular formation |
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involved in locating things in space, and dopamine synthesis
integration of sensory processes |
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| most uniquely human and most complicated |
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| relay center for cortex, distributes incoming sensory signals except smell |
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regulates basic biological needs such as hunger thirst and sex,
In charge of the four F's:
fighting fleeing feeding fucking
controls the Endocrine System |
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secretes hormones into blood stream
slower than neural impulse
regulates responce to stress |
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| connected network of memory, emotion, and motivation, |
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| fight or flight, emotions and fear |
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| complex mental activities such as sensing, learning, thinking, and planning |
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may house executive control
systems crucial to planning and organization of thoughts
affects personality |
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primary motor cortex
mirror neurons involved in learning |
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| sensing and physical feeling cortex |
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aspects of experience can sculpt features of the brain,
damage to incoming sensory pathways can lead to reorganization
younger brains are more flexible |
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| right brain vs. left brain |
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handles nonverbal processesing
spacial, musical, and visual recognition |
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handles verbal processing
language, speech, reading and writing |
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| destroying part of the brain |
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| Electrical Stimulation of the Brain |
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| a weak electrivcal current is used to stimulate a certain part of the brain |
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Computed Tomography
Individual X-rays combine to create a 3D representation of the brain |
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- Magnetic Resonance ImagingMeasure of waves emitted by H+ atoms when activated by magnetic field
- Better 3D images than CT scan
- Examine abnormalities in brain structure
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- Positron Emission Tomography
- Images of Brain Activity
- Injection of radioactive dye that helps to measure glucose metabolism
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measures oxygen flow
no injection needed |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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| turns off parts of brain, allows cause and effect conclusions |
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| threadlike strands of DNA |
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| segments of DNA that enable hereditory transmissions |
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different combinations of chromosomes in each sperm and egg
to increase genetic diversity |
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| traits that are influenced by many different genes |
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asses trait resemblence among blood relatives
usually both genetics and enviornment are the same for families |
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| compare genetic resemblance of identical of fraternal twins reared together or apart |
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| Monozygotic vs. Dyzygotic |
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Monozygotic twins have same environment and DNA
Dizygotic twins have same environment, 50% overlap in DNA
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| to undergo gradual orderly change |
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1859- Darwin writes this book
The first collection of a large amount of supporting evidence for evolution. |
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Organisms vary indefinitly
some traits are heritable |
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| heritable traits that provide a survival or reproductive advantage will become more prevalent over generations |
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| reproductive succes of an organism relative to the population |
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| inherited characteristics sculpted through natural selection becuase they help survival |
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