Term
| What kind of antibiotics, similar to penicillins, are cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which generations of cephalosporins can cross into the cerebrospinal fluid? |
|
Definition
| Third generation agents such as cefotaxime and Fourth generation agents such as cefepime |
|
|
Term
| What is the most active generation of cephalosporins against staphylococci and nonenterococcal streptococci? |
|
Definition
| First generation agents such as cephalexin |
|
|
Term
| What three factors make second generation cephalosporins more effective against gram-negative bacteria than their first generation predecessors? |
|
Definition
1. increased affinity for PBPs of gram negative bacteria
2. increased ability to penetrate the gram-negative cell envelope
3. increased resistance to beta-lactamase produced by gram-negative organisms |
|
|
Term
| Which third generation agent is the only cephalosporin that has activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only current fourth generation cephalosporin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three improvements seen in cephalosporin antibiotics as they advance from first to fourth generation? |
|
Definition
1. increasing activity against gram-negative bacteria
2. increasing resistance to destruction by beta-lactamases
3. increasing ability to reach the CSF |
|
|
Term
| Which cephalosporin is NOT eliminated by the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common adverse effect of cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cephalosporins can cause bleeding tendencies? |
|
Definition
| cefmetazole, cefoperazone, cefotetan, ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| Which beta-lactam antibiotic has an antimicrobial spectrum that is broader than that of practically all other antimicrobial drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How must Imipenem be administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme deactivates Imipenem in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common side effects is Imipenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antiseizure drug is reduced by Imipenem? How can this be managed if the patient MUST have Imipenem? |
|
Definition
Valproate
Increase the dosage of Valproate |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary uses for Vancomycin? |
|
Definition
1. Clostridium difficile
2. MRSA
3. serious infections by susceptible organisms in patients allergic to penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle toxicity of vancomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Vancomycina beta-lactam antibiotic? |
|
Definition
| No. Its action is via cell lysis, but it does not interact with PBPs. It binds to molecules that serve as precursors for cell wall biosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Which cephalosporin is used to treat gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV solution should not be used with neonate patients taking ceftriaxone? |
|
Definition
| Calcium containing solutions such as lactated ringers |
|
|
Term
| With which four cephalosporins is disulfiram-like reaction possible with alcohol consumption? |
|
Definition
| cefazolin, cefmetazole,cefoperazone, and cefotetan |
|
|
Term
| Which medication can prolong the effects of cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should Vancomycin dosages be managed? |
|
Definition
| Dosages should be adjusted to achieve effective trough serum levels of 15-20mcg/mL for serious infections and at least 10mcg/mL for less serious infections |
|
|
