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Chpt 13 The Forces of Evolutionary Change
Biology Concepts & Investigation - Mariell Hoenagels
44
Biology
Not Applicable
07/29/2010

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Term
Aristotle
Greek Philosopher ( 384- 322) BCE
Definition
-recognized that all organism are related in on organization from simple to complex
Term
James Hutton (Physician, 1726-1797)
Theory of Uniformitarianism
Definition
-it suggested that the processes of erosion and sedimentation that act in mordern times have also occurred in the past, producing profound changes in Earth overtime.
Term
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
Proposed Catastrophism
Definition
-theory is; floods, volcanoes, earthquakes are responsible for geological formations
-lower rock layers were older than upper rock layers
Term
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829)
Proposed Inheritance of Acquired characteristics
Definition
-an organism can inherit the traits that its parent acquired during its lifetime
Term
Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)
Geologist
Definition
-proposed slow natural geological process lead to gradual change of the earth
Term
Principles of Superposition
Definition
-the idea that lower layers of rock (and the fossils they contain) are older than those above them
Term
Charles Darwin (1809 -1882)
Natural selection
Definition
- is an evolutionary mechanism
-Interest in nature and geology
-record observations of nature and geology
-collected fossils and specimens on the Galapagos Island
- study the organism there lead to formulation of evolution on natural selection
Term
Convergent evolution
Definition
-have similar characteristics because they evolved in similar environmental conditions, althought they are not closley related
Term
What phrase did Darwin coined to describe this gradual change from an ancestral type
Definition
-Descent with modification
Term
Natural Selection
(Modified terminology)
Definition
-the differential reproductive succcess of idividuals with particular genotypes
Term
Artificial Selection
aka(selective breeding)
Definition
-selective breeding strategies in which a human chooses which organisms breed based on one or a few desired traits
Term
Microevolution
Definition
-short-term changes in allele frequencies within a population or species, occurs on a much smaller scale
Term
Fitness
Definition
-an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool
Term
Balance polymorphism
Definition
-multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in the population
Term
Polymorphism
Definition
-(means) "multiple forms"
Term
Heterozygote advantage
Definition
-condition in which a heterozygote has greater fitness than homozygote , maintaining balance polymorphism in a population
Term
What molds Evolution?
Definition
-natural selection
Term
What are the different scales that evolution occurs in?
Definition
-size , time
Term
3 types of evolution, what are they
Definition
Biological evolution, microevolution , macroevolution
Term
Biological evolution
Definition
-appearance of a new species long term
Term
Macroevolution
Definition
-large-scale evolutionary changes, sucha as appearanceof new species, genera and hicher taxonomic levels
Term
(Darwin) Natural Selection
Definition
-is a mechanism by which new species arise through modification of existing species
Term
What are the 2 observation of natural selection by Darwin?
Definition
1. polulation have different organism
2. populations produce more individuals that resources could support
Term
Adaptation
Definition
-features that provide a selective advantage because they improve the organism ability to survive and reproduce
Term
Overtime
Definition
-differential reproductive success generating changes in the population
Term
Population gene pool
Definition
-entire collection of genes and their alleles
Term
Where does evolution occur?
Definition
-It occurs in population, not in humans
Term
Does natural selection have a goal?
Definition
- No
Term
What are the factors preventing the production of perfect organism
Definition
1. Every genome has limited potential
2. No gene pool contains every allele needed to confront every possible change in the environment
Term
What are the 3 modes of Natural Selection?
Definition
1. Stabilizing Selection
2. Directional Selection
3. Disruptive Selection
Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition
-extreme phenotypes are eliminated and the average phenotypy is conserved because the environment is constant
e.g increasing birth weight, health problem for exreme, population gets stabilize in the middle (Babies)
Term
Directional Selection
Definition
- favors an extreme phenotype because the environment is changing
e.g increase in pigmentation, habit changes tree to dark
Term
Disruptive Selection
Definition
- favors te selection of at least two extreme phenotypes over average phenotypes because the environment is mixed
e.g. increase pigmentation, habitat changes, mix of light and dark rock
Term
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Definition
- highly unlikely situation in which allele frequency doesn't change from 1 generation to the next
Term
Five principles of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium are
Definition
1. Mutation don't occur
2. Individuals mate at random
3. No migration in/out of the population
4. Population is infinitely large
5. Natural selection does not occur
Term
What are some of the ways that evolutionary changes occur
Definition
1. genetic flow
2. gene pool
3. random mating
4. mutation
Term
What are the two ways in which mutation fuel evolution?
Definition
1.only if the mutations are inherited will it contribute to evolution
2. Non random matin conentrates allele locally
Term
what are some factors that will affect choices in evolution?
Definition
geographical restriction, access to opposite sex, behavior, culture differences
Term
Gene flow
Definition
- moves alleles between population
Term
Genetic drif
Definition
-a change in allele frequency that occurs purely by chance
Term
Gene flow
Definition
- moves alleles between population
Term
Name the two types of Genetic Drift?
Definition
1. Founder effect
2. Bottleneck effect
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
-occurs when a small group of individuals leave their home population & establish new settlements, mating among themselves
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
-occurs when many members of the population die causing the loss of many of the genetic diversity that present in the population. the reduction is permanent
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