Term
Aristotle
Greek Philosopher ( 384- 322) BCE |
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Definition
| -recognized that all organism are related in on organization from simple to complex |
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Term
James Hutton (Physician, 1726-1797)
Theory of Uniformitarianism |
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Definition
| -it suggested that the processes of erosion and sedimentation that act in mordern times have also occurred in the past, producing profound changes in Earth overtime. |
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Term
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
Proposed Catastrophism |
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Definition
-theory is; floods, volcanoes, earthquakes are responsible for geological formations
-lower rock layers were older than upper rock layers |
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Term
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829)
Proposed Inheritance of Acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| -an organism can inherit the traits that its parent acquired during its lifetime |
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Term
Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)
Geologist |
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Definition
| -proposed slow natural geological process lead to gradual change of the earth |
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Term
| Principles of Superposition |
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Definition
| -the idea that lower layers of rock (and the fossils they contain) are older than those above them |
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Term
Charles Darwin (1809 -1882)
Natural selection |
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Definition
- is an evolutionary mechanism
-Interest in nature and geology
-record observations of nature and geology
-collected fossils and specimens on the Galapagos Island
- study the organism there lead to formulation of evolution on natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| -have similar characteristics because they evolved in similar environmental conditions, althought they are not closley related |
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Term
| What phrase did Darwin coined to describe this gradual change from an ancestral type |
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Definition
| -Descent with modification |
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Term
Natural Selection
(Modified terminology) |
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Definition
| -the differential reproductive succcess of idividuals with particular genotypes |
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Term
Artificial Selection
aka(selective breeding) |
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Definition
| -selective breeding strategies in which a human chooses which organisms breed based on one or a few desired traits |
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Term
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Definition
| -short-term changes in allele frequencies within a population or species, occurs on a much smaller scale |
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Term
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Definition
| -an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
| -multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| -(means) "multiple forms" |
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Term
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Definition
| -condition in which a heterozygote has greater fitness than homozygote , maintaining balance polymorphism in a population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different scales that evolution occurs in? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of evolution, what are they |
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Definition
| Biological evolution, microevolution , macroevolution |
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Term
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Definition
| -appearance of a new species long term |
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Term
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Definition
| -large-scale evolutionary changes, sucha as appearanceof new species, genera and hicher taxonomic levels |
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Term
| (Darwin) Natural Selection |
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Definition
| -is a mechanism by which new species arise through modification of existing species |
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Term
| What are the 2 observation of natural selection by Darwin? |
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Definition
1. polulation have different organism
2. populations produce more individuals that resources could support |
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Term
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Definition
| -features that provide a selective advantage because they improve the organism ability to survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| -differential reproductive success generating changes in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| -entire collection of genes and their alleles |
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Term
| Where does evolution occur? |
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Definition
| -It occurs in population, not in humans |
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Term
| Does natural selection have a goal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors preventing the production of perfect organism |
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Definition
1. Every genome has limited potential
2. No gene pool contains every allele needed to confront every possible change in the environment |
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Term
| What are the 3 modes of Natural Selection? |
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Definition
1. Stabilizing Selection
2. Directional Selection
3. Disruptive Selection |
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Term
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Definition
-extreme phenotypes are eliminated and the average phenotypy is conserved because the environment is constant
e.g increasing birth weight, health problem for exreme, population gets stabilize in the middle (Babies) |
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Term
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Definition
- favors an extreme phenotype because the environment is changing
e.g increase in pigmentation, habit changes tree to dark |
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Term
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Definition
- favors te selection of at least two extreme phenotypes over average phenotypes because the environment is mixed
e.g. increase pigmentation, habitat changes, mix of light and dark rock |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| - highly unlikely situation in which allele frequency doesn't change from 1 generation to the next |
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Term
| Five principles of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium are |
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Definition
1. Mutation don't occur
2. Individuals mate at random
3. No migration in/out of the population
4. Population is infinitely large
5. Natural selection does not occur |
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Term
| What are some of the ways that evolutionary changes occur |
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Definition
1. genetic flow
2. gene pool
3. random mating
4. mutation |
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Term
| What are the two ways in which mutation fuel evolution? |
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Definition
1.only if the mutations are inherited will it contribute to evolution
2. Non random matin conentrates allele locally |
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Term
| what are some factors that will affect choices in evolution? |
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Definition
| geographical restriction, access to opposite sex, behavior, culture differences |
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Term
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Definition
| - moves alleles between population |
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Term
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Definition
| -a change in allele frequency that occurs purely by chance |
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Term
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Definition
| - moves alleles between population |
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Term
| Name the two types of Genetic Drift? |
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Definition
1. Founder effect
2. Bottleneck effect |
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Term
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Definition
| -occurs when a small group of individuals leave their home population & establish new settlements, mating among themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| -occurs when many members of the population die causing the loss of many of the genetic diversity that present in the population. the reduction is permanent |
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