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| power of the courts to review acts of other branches of government and the states |
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| established the basic three tiered structure of the federal court system |
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| Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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| case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of judicial review in finding that the congressional statute extending the court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional |
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| courts of original jurisdiction where cases begin |
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| courts that generally review only findings of law made by lower courts |
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| authority vested in a particular court to hear and decide the issues in any particular case |
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| the jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. Courts determine the facts of a case under their original jurisdiction |
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| the power vested in an appellate court to review and/or revise the decision of a lower court |
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| codes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety |
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| codes of behavior related to business and contractual relationships between groups and individuals |
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| federal courts specifically created by the U.S. constitution or by congress pursuant to its authority in Article III |
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| courts established by congress for specialized purposes, such as the court of military appeals. |
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| a document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial. |
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| prior judicial decisions that serve as a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature |
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| in court rulings, a reliance on past decisions or precedents to formulate decisions in new cases |
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| process by which presidents generally defer selection of district court judges to the choice of senators of their own party who represent the state where the vacancy occurs |
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| an approach to constitutional interpretation that emphasizes the Framers' original intentions |
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| a request for the court to order up the records from a lower court to review the case |
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| at least four justices of the supreme court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard |
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| the fourth-ranking member of the department of justice; responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the U.S. government to the Supreme Court |
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| 'Friend of the court"; amici may file briefs or even appear to argue their interest orally before the court |
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| a philosophy of judicial decision making that argues courts should allow the decisions of other branches of government to stand, even when they offend a judge's own sense of principles. |
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| a philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality and personal liberty. |
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| refers to how and whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit |
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