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Chps. 5, 6, 7
Chapters 5, 6 and 7. (Memory, Learning and States of Consciousness)
82
Psychology
11th Grade
02/06/2011

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Term
Consciousness
Definition
The awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feelings being experienced at a given moment.
Term
Stage 1 Sleep
Definition
State of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
Term
Stage 2 Sleep
Definition
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruption of "sleep spindles"
Term
Stage 3 Sleep
Definition
A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep.
Term
Stage 4 Sleep
Definition
The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.
Term
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
Definition
Sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections, eye movements and the experience of dreaming.
Term
Unconsciousness wish fulfillment theory
Definition
Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
Term
Latent Content of Dreams
Definition
According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.
Term
Manifest content of dreams
Definition
According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams.
Term
Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Definition
The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.
Term
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Definition
Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain.
Term
Circadian rhythms
Definition
Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle.
Term
Day dreams
Definition
Fantasies that people construct while awake.
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.
Term
Meditation
Definition
A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions and behavior.
Term
Addictive Drugs
Definition
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that the withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.
Term
Stimulants
Definition
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in the heart rate, blood pressure and muscular tension.
Term
Depressants
Definition
Drugs that slow down the nervous system.
Term
Narcotics
Definition
Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.
Term
Hallucinogen
Definition
A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process.
Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
A response that is natural and needs no training (Salivation at the smell of food)
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (salivation at the ringing of a bell.)
Term
Extinction
Definition
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest with no further conditioning.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
The process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur.
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
Term
Positive Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
Term
Negative Reinforcer
Definition
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
Term
Punishment
Definition
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
Term
Schedules of reinforcement
Definition
Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
Term
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Definition
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
Term
Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Definition
Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.
Term
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Definition
A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
Term
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Definition
A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
Term
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Definition
A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
Term
Shaping
Definition
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Term
Behavior Modification
Definition
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
Term
Cognitive Learning Theory
Definition
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model.
Term
Memory
Definition
The process by which we encode, store and retrieve information.
Term
Sensory memory
Definition
The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant.
Term
Short-Term Memory
Definition
Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds.
Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition
Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve.
Term
Chunk
Definition
A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory.
Term
Rehersal
Definition
The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.
Term
Working Memory
Definition
A set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates and the like.
Term
Procedural Memory (Nondeclarative Memory)
Definition
Memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball.
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place or context.
Term
Semantic Networks
Definition
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.
Term
Tip-Of-The-Tongue Phenomenon
Definition
The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-- as a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory.
Term
Recall
Definition
Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved.
Term
Recognition
Definition
Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.
Term
Levels-of-processing Theory
Definition
The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
Intentional or conscious recollection of information.
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior.
Term
Priming
Definition
A phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept (called prime) later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept.
Term
Flashbulb Memories
Definition
Memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they are represented a snapshot of the event.
Term
Constructive processes
Definition
Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.
Term
Schemas
Definition
Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.
Term
Autobiographical Memories
Definition
Our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.
Term
Decay
Definition
The loss of information in memory through its nonuse.
Term
Interference
Definition
The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information.
Term
Cue-dependent forgetting
Definition
Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory.
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
Interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material.
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
An illness characterized in part by severe memory problems.
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties.
Term
Retrograde amnesia
Definition
Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event.
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury.
Term
Korsakoff's syndrome
Definition
A disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story.
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