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| an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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| Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. |
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| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |
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| contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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| the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. |
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| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
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| according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
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| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. |
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| defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. |
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| Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history |
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| a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
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| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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