Speech is that carefully prepared and practiced from brief notes rather from memory or a written manuscript

Conversational style

Speech that is not planned or prepared in advance

 Speech that read to the audience from written text

Memorized Speech:

Memorized Speech: Speech that has been written out, committed to memory, and given word to word

 Changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker’s voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered

Loudness of a speaker’s voice

Speed at which a speaker speaks

: Highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice

Manipulation of pitch to create certain meanings or moods

Way of speaking in which a speaker does not alter her or his pitch

 Pauses that speakers fill with words or sounds like “um,” “er,” or “uh”

Physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible

Act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of a language

Way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically

Visual contact with another persona’s eyes

The movement of your eyes, eyebrows, and mouth to convey reactions and emotions

Way speakers position and carry their bodies

Movements, usually of the hands but sometimes of the full body, that express meaning and emotion or offer clarity to a message

Something that can be seen or touched

Display of how something is done or how it works

Chart that illustrates direction or emotion

Graph that compares quantities at a specific moment in time

Graph that shows trends over time

Visual representation showing the physical layout of geographical features, cities, road systems, the night sky, and the like

Type of style of print

Visual relationship between the items on a visual aid

- Speech that contains communications knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person or place, an object, or a concept

Speech that describes how something is done, how something comes to be what it is, or how something works

Informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurrence

: Informative speech that describes a significant, interesting, or unusual place or person

Informative speech about anything that is tangible, that can be perceived by the senses

 Informative speech about an abstraction, something you can’t perceive with your senses, such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a worldview, or a belief

Type of public speaking in which a speaker enters into a dialogue with an audience to clarify positions, explore issues and ideas, or articulate beliefs and values

Environment in which the speaker’s highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue, even if those positions are quite different from his or her own

Condition of an individual environment that requires the speaker to recognize the inherent value of the audience’s views, although those views may differ from the speaker’s views

Condition of an individual environment that requires the speaker to recognize that people know what is best for them and have the right to make choices about their lives based on this knowledge

- Invitational speech in which the speaker attempts to engage an audience in a discussion about an idea, concern, topic, or plan of action

- Invitational speech in which the speaker invites an audience to understand an issue from her or his perspective and then opens up a conversation with audience members to learn their perspectives on the issue

Organizational pattern that allows the speaker to address the many sides and positions of an issue before opening up the speech for dialogue with the audience

Speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience’s, thought, feelings, or actions

Encourage an audience to engage in a specific behavior or take a specific action

Ask an audience to adopt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position

Organizational pattern that focuses on persuading an audience that a specific problem exists and can be solved or minimized by a specific solution

Organizational pattern that focuses on identifying a specific problem, the causes of that problem, and a solution to the problem

Organizational pattern that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others

Step-by-step process use to persuade audiences by gaining attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying that need, visualizing beneficial results, and calling for action

- Persuasive strategy that addresses both sides of an issue, refuting one side to prove the other is better

Arguments against the speaker’s own position

Threat of something undesirable happening if change does not occur  

Logical arrangement of evidence in a speech; the first of Aristotle’s three types of proof

Speaker’s credibility; the second of Aristotle’s three types of proof

Emotionally appeals made by a speaker; the third of Aristotle’s three types of proof

Audience’s view of a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for their well being

: Credibility a speaker has before giving a speech

Credibility a speaker develops during a speech

Credibility a speaker has at the end of a speech

Interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture

Argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning

Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person’s arguments

Argument that something is correct or good because everyone else agrees with it or is doing it

: Argument in which a speaker claims our options are either “A or B” more than two options exist. Sometimes called a false dilemma

Argument that introduces irrelevant information to distract an audience from the real issue

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to Inevitable and undesirable further steps 

- Speech that provides an audience with a unique perspective on the person introduced

Speech that praises, honors, recognizes, or pays tribute to a person, an event, an idea, or an institution

Speech given to present a specific award to someone and describe why that person is receiving the award

Speech that expresses gratitude, appreciation, and pleasure at receiving an honor or a gift

- Lighter speech that addresses issues or ideas in a numerous way

Way a speaker uses pauses and delivery for maximum effect