Term
|
Definition
| ______ are collections of observations (such as measurements, genders, survey response). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is the science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, representing, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ is the complete collection of all individuals (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studies. The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all of the individuals to be studies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ is the collection of data from every member of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ is the sub collection of members selected from a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample |
|
|
Term
| Quantitative (or qualitative or attribute) data |
|
Definition
| ______ consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. |
|
|
Term
| Categorical (or qualitative or attribute) data |
|
Definition
| ______ consist of names or labels that are not numbers representing counts or measurements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” number. (That is, the number of possible values is 0 or 1 or 2, and so on.) |
|
|
Term
| Continuous (numerical) data |
|
Definition
| ______ result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps. |
|
|
Term
| Nominal level of measurement |
|
Definition
| The ______ is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high). |
|
|
Term
| Ordinal level of measurement |
|
Definition
| Data are at the ______ if they can b e arranged in some order, but differences (obtained by subtraction) between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless. |
|
|
Term
| Interval level of measurement |
|
Definition
| The ______ is like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful. However data this level do not have naturals zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present). |
|
|
Term
| Ratio level of measurement |
|
Definition
| The ______ is the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present). For values at this level differences and ratios are both meaningful. |
|
|
Term
| Voluntary response sample (or self-selected sample) |
|
Definition
| A ______ is one in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In an ______, we observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don’t attempt to modify the subjects studied. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In an ______, we apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the subjects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subjects in experiments are called ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample for the same size n has the same chance of being chosen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a ______ members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ involves selecting members from a population in such a way that each member of the population has a known (but not necessarily the same) chance of being selected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In ______, we select some starting point and then select every kth (such as every 50th) element in the population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With ______, we simply use results that are very easy to get. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With ______, we subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) so that subjects within the same subgroups share the same characteristics (such as gender or age bracket), then we draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In ______, we first divide the population area into sections (or clusters), then randomly select some of those clusters, and then choose all the members from those selected clusters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In ______, data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time. |
|
|
Term
| Retrospective (or case-controlled) study |
|
Definition
| In a ______, data are collected from the past by going back in tome (through examination of records, interviews, and so on). |
|
|
Term
| Prospective( or longitudinal or cohort) study |
|
Definition
| In a ______, data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohorts). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ occurs in an experiment when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ is the difference between a sample result and the true population result; such an error results from chance sample fluctuations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ______ occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed (such as by selecting a biased sample, using a defective measurement instrument, or copying the data incorrectly). |
|
|
