Term
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Definition
–Large polymers made of nucleotides
•A sugar molecule
–Deoxyribose for DNA
•A phosphate group
•A nitrogenous base
–Adenine
–Guanine
–Cytosine
–Thymine |
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Definition
—Held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases
—A-T, G-C |
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Term
| the two paired strands of DNA form a double helix w/ the sugars and phosphates on |
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Definition
| the outside and the nitrogenous bases on the inside of the helix |
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Term
DNA
SUGAR, PHOSPHATE WITH A NITROGENOUS BASE
(the ntrogenous bases in DNA holds the two strands together. DNA is a part of the genetic blueprint) |
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Definition
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Term
| there are four differences between the DNA and the RNA molecule |
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Definition
—RNA is made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm (DNA stays in the nucleus).
—have ribose sugar -OH on 2nd carbon atom
—Like DNA replication, RNA synthesis follows the base-pairing rules (A-U; G-C). contains uracil
—RNA is single-stranded. |
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Term
| DNA REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS TWO REASONS |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
one of two DNA strands that serve as a template or a patern for the synthesis of RNA
original strand we make a copy of |
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Term
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Definition
contains new copy of the coding strand.
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Term
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Definition
opens up DNA in multiple places
in RNA replication only
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Definition
| makes proteins that tell the cells what to do |
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Term
| protein synthesis has two steps |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
takes place inside the nucleus
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Term
coding strand
vs
non coding strand |
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Definition
the strand of Dna that serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA
the strand of DNA that is not read directly by the RNA polymerase
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Term
promoter sequence
(Protein synthesis) |
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Definition
| tells the RNA where to start and where to start making proteins |
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Term
termination sequence
(Protein synthesis) |
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Definition
| where you stop making the RNA molecule |
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Term
| transcription produces three types of RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(strand you are making/ carrries the message to the ribosome)
RNA that carries the message
molecule composed of ribonucleotides that function as a copy of the gene and is used in the cytoplasm of the cell during protein synthesis
body only makes 1 |
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Term
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Definition
a globular form of RNA; a part of ribosomes
(only comes in one strand) |
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Term
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Definition
| it is responsible for transporting a specific amino acid into a ribosome for assembly into a protein |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
(Protein synthesis)
step2: translation. |
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Definition
takes place outsid eof the nucleus on the ribosomes
the process of using information in RNA to direct protein synthesis
initiation, elongation, termination |
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Term
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Definition
Start Codon- starts w/ AUG
opens up in 1 place
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Term
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Definition
The codon AUG in mRNA, at which polypeptide synthesis is started.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
—how long you will be making protein |
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Term
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Definition
A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA)
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Term
genetically modified organism
(most foods) |
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Definition
| An organism whose genetic material has been modified or altered, especially through genetic engineering techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
virus that reverse itself from RNA to DNA
has rNA as its nucleic acid and uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy its genome into the dNA of the host cells chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA wraps around special proteins called ________ which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes |
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Term
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Definition
histone (clusters) encircling DNA |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes untwisted before the cell splits
an area or structure w/in the nucleus of a cell compossed of long molecules of DNA in association w/ protein
These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called |
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Term
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Definition
| strands w/ attached proteins that become visible during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
double stranded DNA molecules w/ attached protein coiled into a short compact unit
DNA is tightly packaged in to these when it is not actively being transcribed
Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form |
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Term
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Definition
end of chromosomes once they are gone cells cant divide
a chromosome cap consisted of repeated or specific sequences of nucleotide pairs
(eveytime cell divide you lose a piece of this)
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Term
Apoptosis
(programmed cell death) |
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Definition
determines how many times a cell can divide
a cell digests itself from the inside out
death that has genetic basis not associated w/ injury |
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Definition
| proteins that increase the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a specific protein |
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Term
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Definition
| binding site for proteins that decrease the ability of the RNA polymerase to transcribe a specific protein |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that control the transcription process by binding DNA or other transcription factors and regulating when RNA polymerase begins transcription |
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Term
| controlling protein quality |
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Definition
—Cells can regulate how much of a given protein is made by
—controlling how much mRNA is available for translation.
DNA packaging
Ehancer silencers
transcription factors
RNA degradation |
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Term
| eukaryotic protein synthesis |
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Definition
The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA and various enzymes.
introns
exons
spliceosomes
alternative splicing
sexlethal |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of DNa that does not code for proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| part of DNA that codes information for protein synthesis |
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Definition
takes the exons that have been cut out of the DNA sequence and splice together
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Term
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Definition
| is the sex determination master switch and it controls cells of the body sexual development. |
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Term
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Definition
any change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
—Can be caused by mistakes in DNA replication
—Can be caused by external factors
—Carcinogens, radiation, drugs, viral infections
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(Small problems)
point mutation
silent mutation
nonsense mutation
missense mutation
insertion mutation
deletion mutation
frameshift mutation |
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Term
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Definition
one base in the wrong place
—A change in a single nucleotide of the DNA sequence |
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Definition
a change that doesnt cause a change in the amino acid sequence.
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Term
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Definition
not making proteins introduces stop codon
—changes a codon to a stop codon.
—This causes the ribosome to stop translation prematurely.
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Term
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Definition
the wrong amino acid to be used in making a protein
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Term
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Definition
—Results from a missense mutation in the gene for hemoglobin
—GAA to GUA
—Glutamic acid to valine change
—Causes the hemoglobin protein to change shape
—The molecules stick together in low oxygen conditions.
—Get stuck in blood vessels
—Break apart easily, leading to anemia
—Causes weakness, brain damage, painful joints, etc. |
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Term
plasmodium cant go into sickle cell anemia because of its shape
thats why people w/ sickle cell dont have maleria |
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Definition
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Term
| An insertion mutation occurs when |
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Definition
one or more nucleotides is added to the normal DNA sequence.
AGUA |
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Term
| A deletion mutation occurs |
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Definition
1 of the bases get takes out when making copy
TC
when one or more nucleotides is removed from the normal DNA sequence and change its function. |
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Term
| Insertions and deletions cause a frameshift. |
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Definition
occurs when insertions and deletions cause the ribosome to read the wrong set of three nucleotides
when we delete of add a base (nucleo tide) everything change |
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Term
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Definition
(big problems)
inversion
translation
duplication
deletion |
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Term
inversion
(chromosomal aberitions) |
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Definition
| occurs when a chromosome is broken and a piece becomes reattached to its original chromosome but in a flipped orientation |
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Term
translocation
(chromosomal aberitions) |
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Definition
taking a sequence od DNA and putting in another location
occurs when the broken segment becomes integrated into a different chromosome. |
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Term
A duplication
(chromosomal aberitions)
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Definition
| occurs when a segment of a DNA is replicated and attached to the original segment in sequence |
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Term
—A deletion
(chromosomal aberitions)
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Definition
occurs when a broken piece is lost or destroyed before it can be reattached |
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Term
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Definition
8 amino acids we have to eat . body can not make these. the two groups of amino acids body needs is beans and grains
meats have all 8 amino acids |
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Term
| the difference between a ribose and deoxyribose is |
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Definition
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Term
triplet
DNA: TAC-TCA-ATT-GCT-ACT
startcodon stopCODON
mRNA: AUG-AGU-UAA-CGA-UGA CODON
tRNA: UAC UCA AUU GCU ACU anticodon
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Definition
| theres no Ts in the RNA language |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes in DNA that look for the wrong base and replaces it ( |
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Term
| there are 22 amino acids and their arrangment |
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Definition
| is how each protein is made |
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Term
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Definition
| the # 1 thing all cells make |
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