Term
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Definition
| Two mirror images of a chiral molecule are called enantiomers or optical isomers. Pairs of enantiomers are often designated as "right-" and "left-handed" |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures. |
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Term
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Definition
two mirror image
forms are not superposable upon one another. |
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Term
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Definition
two mirror image
forms are superposable. |
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Term
| two different kinds of isomers |
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Definition
| Constitutional isomers, and stereoisomers |
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Term
| two different kinds of stereoisomers |
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Definition
| Enantiomers and Diastereoisomers |
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Term
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Definition
| chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule. Chiral molecules with one or more stereocenters can be enantiomers |
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Term
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Definition
| a carbon atom with four different groups attached to it. Can also be called: Chiral center, asymmetric center or a stereocenter |
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Term
| A racemate or a racemic mixture |
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Definition
| A mixture that contains equal quantities of enantiomers |
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Term
| Properties of enantiomers |
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Definition
| Same physical properties except that they rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions. Same chemical properties except when another chiral molecule is involved |
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Term
| what is a meso achiral molecule? |
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Definition
| A molecule that is split on its axis of symmetry and is superimposable when split |
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Term
| Property of a small molecular weight organohalogen compound |
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Definition
| This is a physical property that is volatile and have low boiling points |
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Term
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Definition
| Most ___ ___ have higher densities than H2O and are insoluble in H2O |
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Term
| resist.... They are useful for flame retardants, nonflammable solvents,fire suppressant chemicals, etc |
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Definition
| In the chemical properties of organohalogens, many of them ___ combustion, with this information, what are they useful for? |
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Term
| toxic , carcinogenic, harmful |
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Definition
| When it comes to the biological activities of organohalogen compounds, many are ___ & ___, &/or ___ to the environment. (usually regulated) |
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Term
| therapeutic, food additives , an example would be Splenda |
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Definition
| When it comes to the biological activities of organohalogen compounds, some are used as ___ agents, or ___ ___. Name an example of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| When chiral compounds undergo ___ reaction, they form a racemic mixture of enantiomers |
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Term
| stable, resonance structure increase stability |
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Definition
| This is a factor that affects the rate of Sn1, the more ___ the carbocation, the faster it can form, has a lower activation barrier. What is another thing that makes carbocations more stable? |
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Term
| nucleophilic substitutions |
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Definition
| Unlike aliphatic halides, aromatic halides do not readily under ___ ___ and other chemical reactions which lead to degradation of the structure - - this increases their persistence in plants and animals and in the environment in general. |
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Term
| alkyl halides, , CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons), etc. |
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Definition
| What are some examples of aliphatic halides? |
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Term
| Aliphatic halides & Aromatic halides |
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Definition
| What are the 2 chemical classifications of organohalogen compounds? |
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Term
| DDT, PCB's, dioxin aka TCDD, etc. |
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Definition
| What are some examples of aromatic halides? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a colorless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odorless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties. Banned in the 1970's. Not extensively degraded |
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Term
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Definition
Very unusual range of toxicities ranging from hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity to immune suppression and “chloracne”
Once described as “the most toxic synthetic organic compound known to man”, but its toxicity is very species dependent.
Current sources include incinerated medical wastes containing chlorinated plastics.
Extremely persistent (half-life ~ 6 yrs) to limited chemical reactivity, resistance to metabolism and lipophilic physical properties. |
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Term
| PCB's aka Polychlorinated biphenyls |
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Definition
Widely used as insulating materials and for other uses based on resistance to combustion.
Many undesirable effects including carcinogenicity, reproductive and estrogenic effects.
Replaced by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDPE’s), which unfortunately have similar effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are three examples of chlorinated herbicides and insecticides |
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Term
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Definition
| In nature, D-glucose is preferred, L-amino acids is preferred. What is this known as? |
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Term
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Definition
| This term is used when there has been the development and use of a single enantiomer, to avoid possible side effects, or no activity with the other enantiomer in drug development. |
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Term
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Definition
| the 50/50 of two enantiomers |
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Term
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Definition
| A stereoisomer with a plane of symmetry, also known as achiral |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ are produced during municipal water treatment |
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Term
| CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) |
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Definition
| These are ozone depleting chemicals |
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Term
| Sucralose (Splenda), Zoloft (antidepressant), Chloroquine (treatment of arthritis, HIV/AIDS, malaria) and plavix, (blood thinner) |
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Definition
| Chlorinated compounds which are approved for food and medicated use |
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Term
| Chloroethane (ethyl chloride) |
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Definition
| Chlorinate compound approved for medical use putting topically on skin as an anesthetic |
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Term
| mechlorethamine, chlorambuci, cyclophosphamide |
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Definition
| Cytotoxic “alkylating agents”: anticancer agents (also immunosuprresants and carcinogens) |
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Term
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Definition
| The only organohalogen compounds biosynthesized by the human body: thyroid hormones |
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