Term
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Definition
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during
prenatal development and cause harm |
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Term
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Definition
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social
change throughout the life span |
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Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a
pregnant woman‘s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial
misproportions |
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Term
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Definition
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity
with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner |
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Term
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Definition
| The ________ areas—those linked with thinking, memory, and language—are the last cortical areas to develop |
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Term
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Definition
| Fiber pathways supporting language and agility proliferate into puberty, after which a ___________shuts down excess connections and strengthens others |
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Term
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Definition
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively
uninfluenced by experience |
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Term
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Definition
refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering,
and communicating |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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Term
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Definition
in Piaget‘s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during
which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived |
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Term
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Definition
in Piaget‘s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during
which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic |
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Term
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Definition
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning)
that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget‘s theory, the preoperational child‘s difficulty taking another‘s point of view. |
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Term
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Definition
people‘s ideas about their own and others‘ mental states—about their feelings,
perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict |
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Term
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Definition
| we are able to appreciate others‘ perceptions and feelings before we can appreciate others‘___________ |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
in Piaget‘s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6
or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to
think logically about concrete events |
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Term
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Definition
in Piaget‘s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally
beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Term
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Definition
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding of others‘ states of mind |
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Term
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Definition
__________ is marked by normal intelligence, often accompanied by exceptional skill or
talent in a specific area, but deficient social and communication skills (and thus an inability to
form normal peer relationships) |
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Term
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Definition
A newly emerging ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly
threatening helps protect babies 8 months and older. |
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Term
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Definition
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking
closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation |
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Term
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Definition
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism‘s exposure to certain
stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Term
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Definition
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very
early in life. |
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Term
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Definition
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said
to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain chemical_______ calms aggressive impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| our understanding and evaluation of who we are |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ parents impose rules and expect obedience |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ parents submit to their children‘s desires |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ parents are both demanding and responsive |
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Term
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Definition
Before age 9, most children‘s morality focuses on self-interest:
They obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards |
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Term
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Definition
By early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and
on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules. |
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Term
| Postconventional morality |
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Definition
With the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought,
people may reach a third moral level. Actions are judged ―right‖ because they flow from people‘s rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles. |
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Term
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Definition
the ―we‖ aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to ―Who am I?‖ that
comes from our group memberships |
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Term
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Definition
in Erikson‘s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary
developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early
twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible
adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long
period. |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with
age. |
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Term
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Definition
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and
retirement. |
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