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Chp.4-7
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163
Psychology
11th Grade
03/01/2007

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Term
Gestalt Theory of Perception
Definition
Emphasizes how we organize incoming stimulation into meaningful patterns because of the way our brains are innately structured.
Term
Figure
Definition
A pattern that grabs our attention.
Term
Ground
Definition
The backdrop against which we percieve a figure.
Term
Closure
Definition
Supplies missing segments to fill in the gaps and makes inferences about potentially hidden objects.
Term
Laws of Perceptual Groupings
Definition
Laws that suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept.
Term
Law of Similarity
Definition
We tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions.
Term
Law of Proximity
Definition
We tend to group objects together when they are near each other.
Term
Law of Continuity
Definition
We prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones.
Term
Law of Common Fate
Definition
We tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination.
Term
Law of Pragnanz
Definition
The simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure.
Term
Binocular Cues
Definition
Information taken in by both eyes that aids in depth perception.
Term
Monocular Cues
Definition
Information about depth that relies on the input of just one eye.
Term
Sensation
Definition
Process by which a stimulated receptor creates a path of nueral messages that represent the stimulus to the brain.
Term
Perception
Definition
The mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns.
Term
neural representations of stimuli
Definition
The brain creates it's own perception to represent the world.
Term
Three attributes common to all senses
Definition
Transduction, Sensory adaptation, and Thresholds.
Term
Transduction
Definition
Changing stimulation to sensation, starts at cerebral cortex.
Term
Sensory adaptation
Definition
Senses are influenced by change.
Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
Minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce sensation.
Term
Difference threshold
Definition
Smallest physical difference between two stimuliin which the difference can still be recognized.
Term
Weber’s Law
Definition
Difference threshold proportional to intensity of stimulus.
Term
Fechner’s law
Definition
A relationship between actual and percieved magnitude of a stimulus.
Term
Steven’s power law
Definition
Fechner's law can't account for pain and temperature.
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
Sensation depends on characteristics of the stimulus, background stimulation, and the detector.
Term
Subliminal Persuasion
Definition
No recorded studies show that subliminal messaging works.
Term
Vision
Definition
How the nervous system detects light.
Term
Retina
Definition
Layer of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye.
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
Absorb light energy, and creates nueral impulses
Term
rods and cones
Definition
Rods pick up on light, cones pick up on color.
Term
Fovea
Definition
Part of the eye that gives the sharpest perception.
Term
Bipolar cells
Definition
Shuttle photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
Term
Ganglion Cells
Definition
Connect to the optic nerve.
Term
amplitude
Definition
How much light reaches the retina
Term
Trichromatic theory
Definition
Color processing begins in the retina, realized in visual cortex.
Term
Opponent-process theory
Definition
Brain only processes one color at a time.
Term
Hearing
Definition
Vibrations cause sound waves.
Term
Tuning Fork
Definition
Produces purest, simplest sound.
Term
Frequency
Definition
Period.
Term
Amplitude
Definition
Peak to valley height of sound wave.
Term
Inner ear
Definition
Hears airborne soundwaves.
Term
Outer ear (pinna)
Definition
Channel for how waves get to inner ear.
Term
Ear drum (tympanic membrance)
Definition
Cause vibrations (middle ear).
Term
three bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Definition
Pass vibrations to inner ear.
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Focuses vibrations to Basilar membrane.
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
Soundwaves travel into fluid, converts to nueral messages, which travel to auditory portion of brain.
Term
pitch
Definition
Highness or lowness of sound, determined by frequency.
Term
place theory
Definition
Different frequencies activate different parts of the Basilar Membrane, sends different codes.
Term
frequency theory
Definition
Nuerons respond with different firing rates, determines frequency.
Term
loudness
Definition
Physical strength of amplitude, measured in decibals (Db)
Term
timbre
Definition
Quality of tone.
Term
Deafness
Definition
Cannot hear sound.
Term
Conduction deafness
Definition
Interference with soundwaves converting to nerve energy.
Term
Nerve (sensorineural) deafness
Definition
Problem with how impulses are sent to the brain.
Term
vestibular sense
Definition
Tells us how body is positioned, how gravity is, fluid within inner ear.
Term
kinesthetic sense
Definition
Keeps track of body parts, provides sense of where they are.
Term
Smell (olfaction)
Definition
Stimuli affects hair, sends information to olfactory bulbs.
Term
pheromones
Definition
Animals release them, hormones with a smell.
Term
Taste
Definition
Based on chemisty, works with smell
Term
Gustation
Definition
5 qualities: Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami
Term
umami
Definition
Protien rich.
Term
Gustary receptors
Definition
Taste receptors on the toungue.
Term
Skin senses (touch)
Definition
Stimulated by contact with objects.
Term
Pain
Definition
Severe pain overwhelms other senses.
Term
Gate Control Theory
Definition
Pain depends on reletive amount of traffic in fast fibers and slow fibers.
Term
Melzack and Wall
Definition
Proposed Gate Control Theory
Term
Fast fibers
Definition
Delivers most information to the brain
Term
Slow fibers
Definition
Slower, but more intense.
Term
“spinal gate”
Definition
The fast fibers block the slow fibers.
Term
Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
Definition
Are of the brain where slow fibers get stuck.
Term
Percepts
Definition
What we percieve, combination of sensation and meaning.
Term
Feature detectors
Definition
Cells in occipital lobe, receptive of the human face.
Term
Binding problem
Definition
Mystery of how the brain combines multiple features into a single percept.
Term
Bottom-up processing
Definition
Deterimine by stimulus features.
Term
Top-down processing
Definition
Based on what is known to be true.
Term
Perceptual constancies
Definition
"Knowing" the shape, size, color of object, no matter the environment.
Term
Consciousness
Definition
The process by which the brain creates a modal of internal and external experiances.
Term
Cognitive neuroscience
Definition
The connection between mental processes and the brain.
Term
Nonconscious processes
Definition
Any brain process that do not involve conscious processing.
Term
Mental rotation
Definition
Rotating images
Term
Zooming in with the mind
Definition
Viewing more details in the mind.
Term
What consciousness does for us
Definition
Restriction, Combination, Manipulation.
Term
preconscious memories
Definition
Memories of events and facts that have once been the focus of attention
Term
Unconscious
Definition
Cognition occuring without awareness.
Term
priming
Definition
Preparing the unconscious to give specific responses questions already asked.
Term
Day dreaming
Definition
When attention turns inward.
Term
Circadian rhythm
Definition
Physiological pattern that repeats, for most people a 25-hour cycle.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
Rapid Eye Movement, several minutes of dreaming, Stage II.
Term
Non-REM sleep
Definition
Peeriods of sleep without mental activity, Stage I, III, IV
Term
Sleep paralysis
Definition
Voluntry muscles shut down in Stage II
Term
REM rebound
Definition
Don't get enough REM one night, the next night you have more.
Term
Functions of sleep
Definition
Rests muscles, aids mental functions, gives dreams.
Term
Need for sleep
Definition
Genetics, personal habits, characteristics, exersise.
Term
Sleep debt
Definition
Not getting enough sleep.
Term
Dreaming
Definition
Neccisary for healty brain function, not random.
Term
Freud’s theory of dreams
Definition
Sleep has two main functions: Gaurd and Sleep.
Term
manifest content
Definition
Dream's actual storyline.
Term
latent content
Definition
Symbolic meaning of a dream.
Term
Dreams and cognition
Definition
REM sleep helps us remember things
Term
Activation-synthesis theory
Definition
Dreams begin with random electrical activity coming from the brain stem, brain's way of making sense of them.
Term
Insomnia
Definition
The chronic inability to sleep.
Term
Sleep apnea
Definition
Stopped breathing during the night.
Term
Night terrors
Definition
Screaming in deep sleep.
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
Sudden daytime sleep attacks.
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
Sudden loss of muscle control.
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
Induced state of awareness.
Term
Meditation
Definition
State of consciousness by concentrating on repetative behavior.
Term
Psychoactive drugs
Definition
Mind altering drugs.
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition
Perceptions that have no basis with outside stimuli or inner awareness.
Term
Opiates
Definition
Profound sense of well being.
Term
Depressants
Definition
Inhibits transmission of nerve impulses in CNS
Term
Stimulants
Definition
Arouse CNS, speeds up processes
Term
tolerance
Definition
Reduced effectiveness of a drug after repeated use.
Term
physical dependence
Definition
The body adjusting to, and needing a drug to function.
Term
addiction
Definition
Continues to use the drug despite adverse effects.
Term
withdrawal
Definition
Pattern of uncomfertable or painful physical symptoms or cravings experianced when the level of the drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated.
Term
psychological dependence
Definition
Desire to obtain or use a drug even without a physical addiction.
Term
Habituation
Definition
Learning not to respond
Term
Mere exposure effect
Definition
Learn a preference to a stimuli to which one has been previously exposed
Term
John Watson
Definition
Observed learning by observing behavior.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Behavioral learning in which something that was a previously nuetral stimulus, obtains power to illicit reflex produced by another stimulus.
Term
Pavlov
Definition
Got dogs to salivate at sound of bell.
Term
reflex
Definition
Action without consciousness.
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
A stimulus with an automatic reflexive responce.
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
Unlearned response.
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
A nuetral stimulus, comes to illicit conditional response
Term
conditioned response
Definition
Response previously associated with the unconditional stimulus, and is now associated with the conditional stimulus.
Term
Nuetral Stimulus
Definition
Any stimulus that doesn't illicit a conditioned response, but can be taught to.
Term
acquisition
Definition
Initial learning stage, learn to associate nuetral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus.
Term
extinction
Definition
The loss of a conditioned response
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
Reappearance of conditioned response after period of time.
Term
stimulus generalization
Definition
Similar stimuli generate same response.
Term
stimulus discrimination
Definition
no response to similar stimuli.
Term
experimental neurosis
Definition
Pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding dicrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by it's consiquinces.
Term
The law of effect
Definition
Response that produce desirable results are learned more inately.
Term
Edward Thorndike
Definition
Proposed Law of Effect
Term
B. F. Skinner
Definition
Developed operrent conditioning.
Term
Operant
Definition
voluntary action
Term
Operant chamber
Definition
"skinner box" box-like apparatus designed to deliver reinforcers and punishers for animal behaviors.
Term
Shaping
Definition
When a new behavior is produced by reinforcing behaviors similar to those that are desired.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
A condition involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus that strengthens a response.
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
Adding something to reinforce a behavior.
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
A more preferred activity can be used to promote a less preferred activity.
Term
David Premack
Definition
Developed the Premack Principle.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
Removal of unpleasent or aversive stimulus that strengthens a response.
Term
Punishment
Definition
A aversive stimulus that diminishes the strength of a response.
Term
positive punishment
Definition
Application of aversive stimulus after a response.
Term
negative punishment
Definition
Removal of stimulus after a response.
Term
Continuous reinforcement
Definition
Every respnse gets reinforced.
Term
Intermittent reinforcement
Definition
Some, but not all responces get reinforced.
Term
Primary reinforcers
Definition
Reinforcers with an innate basis because of their biological value.
Term
Conditioned reinforcers
Definition
"secondary reinforcers" Any reinforcer that has meaning that is learned.
Term
Schedules of Reinforcement
Definition
Any set program that specifies frecuency and timing of reinforcement.
Term
Ratio schedules
Definition
Reinforcement depending on number of correct responses.
Term
Interval schedules
Definition
Reinforcement depending on a time interval elapsed since last reinforcement.
Term
Fixed-ratio schedules
Definition
Reinforcement based on unvarying number of responses.
Term
Taste-Aversion Learning
Definition
Learn after one experiance to avoid food with a certain taste when eating is followed by illness.
Term
John Garcia
Definition
Discoverd taste-aversion
Term
Cognitive maps
Definition
Mental representation of physical space (learning without reinforcement)
Term
Edward C. Tolman
Definition
Introduced cognitive maps.
Term
Social Learning (a.k.a. Observational Learning)
Definition
Learning by watching others.
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
Developed social learning theories.
Term
Learning-Styles
Definition
Little research has been done, so be skeptical.
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