Term
| Cholinergic Drugs (DEFINITION) |
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Definition
| Agents that interact with receptors utilizing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
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Term
| Cholinergic Synaptic Sites |
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Definition
| autonomic effector sites: innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers, autonomic ganglia and the adrenal medulla, some CNS synapses skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction (motor nerves) |
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Term
|
Definition
| An agent that activates the actions of neurotransmitter receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| An agent that blocks the actions of neurotransmitter receptors |
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Term
| 2 main subtypes of cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Nicotinic 1 Receptors found? |
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Definition
| neuromuscular junction where its activation results in skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| Where are Nicotinic 2 Receptors found? |
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Definition
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Term
| The N1 receptors are blocked by |
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Definition
| d-tubocurarine, succinylcholine and decamethonium |
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Term
| The N2 receptors are blocked by |
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Definition
| hexamethonium and trimethaphan |
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Term
| MOA of indirect acting cholinergic drugs |
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Definition
| Compounds which inhibit Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and/or Butyrlcholinesterase (BuChE) to prolong the life of ACh, thus producing similar effects as direct agonist. |
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Term
| The Muscarinic receptors are blocked by |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetylcholine Biosynthesis |
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Definition
Choline + Acetyl CoA --Choline
Acetyltransferase (CHAT)--> Acetylcholine |
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Term
| Optimal functional group(s) of ACh |
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Definition
| Onium group & Ethyl chain |
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Term
| Effect of increasing the size of methyl groups on the Onium entity in Acetylcholine |
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Definition
| Decrease in Intrinsic activity |
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Term
| Group(s) in ACh that contributes to binding affinity |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Effect of increasing/decreasing the size of carbon chain in ACh |
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Definition
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Term
| Group(s) in ACh that contributes to intrinsic activity |
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Definition
| Onium group, carbon chain |
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Term
| alpha - substitution on Acetylcholine |
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Definition
| decreases M activity more than it does nicotinic activity. |
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Term
| beta - substitution on Acetylcholine |
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Definition
| decreases N activity more than it does M activity. |
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Term
| Why can't ACh solutions be stored? |
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Definition
| ACh is easily hydrolyzed by acetyl cholinesterase (AChE). In addition, an aq solution of ACh is unstable, thus prepare solution just before use. |
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Term
| Properties of Pilocarpine (Diocarpine, Miocarpine) |
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Definition
-Non-selective muscarinic agonist
-It has a 3S, 4R stereochemistry
-Used in the treatment of open angle glaucoma |
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Term
| What are the 2 enzymes that hydrolyze ACh? |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
2) Butyrylcholinesterase / Pseudocholinesterase ( BuChE ) |
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Term
| Functional groups hydrolyzed by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
| AChE hydrolyzes only acetyl & propionyl groups |
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Term
| What 3 functional groups interact with the esteratic site in AChE and state if they bind reversible, semi-reversible or irreversible? |
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Definition
| Acetyl (reversible), Carbamyl(semi-reversible) , and phosphoryl (irreversible) |
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Term
| Cholinergic Agonists are also referred to as |
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetics or cholinomimetics |
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Term
| Cholinergic Antagonists are also referred to as |
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Definition
| Parasympatholytics or cholinolytics |
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Term
| Acetylcholine hydrolyzes to form _____? What happens to the hydrolyzed products? |
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Definition
| Choline and Acetate; Choline is taken up by post-synaptic neuron and acetate is excreted. |
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Term
Effective Carbamylation order?
Why? |
|
Definition
NH2 > NHCH3 > N(CH3)2
methyl groups act as activating agents donating electrons to nitrogen making it more negative therefore breaking the boond between the carbon of the carbonyl group to form C=N making the cabon of the carbonyl group less positive and less suspectible to carbamylation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is a cyclic amine with a five-membered heterocycle containing 4 carbon atoms and 1 nitrogen atom. |
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Term
| List the Individual Direct-Acting Cholinergic agonists and state the differences between them if any. |
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Definition
1. Acetylcholine Cl
2. CARBAchol - less easily hydrolyzed (carbamate group), possess the same pharmacology as ACh
3. BETHANEchol - less easily hydrolyzed (carbamate group)and selective for Muscarinic (M) receptors
4. Pilocarpine (Miocarprine, Diocarpine) - Non-selective muscarinic agonist |
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Term
| Stereochemistry of Pilocarpine? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N similar to benzene except a CH is replaced by a NH. |
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Term
| What does it mean when a drug can be given orally and pH has no effect on activity? |
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Definition
| The drug is a neutral compound |
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Term
| What would be the reasoning behind using NEOstigmine Br instead of PHYSOstigmine in the treatment of a disease? |
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Definition
| NEOstigmine does not enter the CNS because of the presence of a charged Quaternary ammonium salt group in its structure |
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Term
| What would be the reasoning behind using PYRIDOstigmine Br instead of NEOstigmine Br in the treatment of a disease? |
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Definition
| PYRIDOstigmine Br is less toxic than NEOstigmine |
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Term
| List the REVERSIBLE AChE Inhibitors |
|
Definition
| NEOstigmine Br (Prostigmine), PHYSOstigmine (Eserine), PYRIDOstigmine Br (Mestinon), DEMECARium Br (Humorsol), EDROPHONium Cl (Tensilonon), AMBENONium Cl (Mytelase)and the newer Donepezil (Aricept(r)) |
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Term
| Why is AMBENONium Cl poorly absorbed from GI |
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Definition
| The presence of 2 quaternary Nitrogens possessing positive charges decreases absorption across the GI tract |
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Term
| What functional group makes it possible for DEMACARium Br to be absorbed across the GI |
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Definition
| The presence of the long carbon chain (CH2)10 gives DEMACARium Br hydrophobic properties making it possible for it to be absorbed |
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Term
| What is the significance of EDROPHONium Cl? |
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Definition
| EDROPHONium Cl does not contain a carbamate functional group therefore it DOES NOT react with the receptor |
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Term
| List the IRREVERSIBLE AChE Inhibitors (Organophosphates) |
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Definition
| ISOFLUOROphate (Floropryl), ECHOTHIOphate (Phospholine), MALAthion, PARAthion (Thiophos) |
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Term
| When the phosphate group of an organophosphate is double bonded to a Sulfur (S) what is it called? |
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Definition
| Phosphothionate (must be metabolized to active compound by desulfuration) |
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Term
| What would be the reasoning behind using ECHOTHIOphate instead of ISOFLUOROphate in the treatment of a disease? |
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Definition
| When used topically ECHOTHIOphate is NOT readily absorbed however ISOFLUOROphate is readily absorbed through the skin |
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Term
| Why is the insecticide MALAthion considered an "ingenious medicinal pharmacology strategy"-Dr. Ablordeppey? |
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Definition
MALAthion is rapidly hydrolyzed in mammals to an inactive metabolite but undergoes desulfuration in insect to form an active metabolite that is toxic.
Simply put: "It harms insects and spares humans." - Dr. Ablordeppey |
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Term
| What Irriversible AChE Inhibitor is the most common cause of organophosphate (OP)poisoning and death? |
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Definition
| The insecticide PARAthion (Thiophos) |
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Term
| What is the antidote for Organophosphate poisoning? |
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Definition
| Pralidoxime chloride (Protopam 2-PAM) |
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Term
| Why is 2-PAM ineffective if NOT used within 36 hours of Organophosphate poisoning? |
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Definition
| Enzymes phosphorylated by OPs slowly release alkyl groups when hydrolyzed by water for a hydroxyl group (-OH) in return in a process called aging. Aging makes itt impossible for chemical reactivators such as 2-PAM to break the bond between the remaining drug and the enzyme because the added -OH group is NOT a good leaving group. |
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Term
| MOA of direct acting cholinergic drugs |
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Definition
| Binds to ACh receptor and impart similar physiological activity as Acetycholine |
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Term
| MOA of cholinergic blocking agents/Anticholinergic agents (antagonist) |
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Definition
| Occupy ACh receptor and prevent ACh from binding to the receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Agonist impart affinity and intrinsic activity Antagonist impart affinity NOT intrinsic activity |
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Term
| What are the clinical significances of Anticholinergic agents |
|
Definition
1) improve cardiac rate output (used in bradycardia )
2) lower motility of GI tract (antispasmodic effect)
3) lower salivation, perspiration, acid & gastric secretions (antisecretory effect)
4) produce dilation of the pupil of the eye (mydriatic effect ) |
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Term
| List some of the classes of cholinergic blocking agents/Anticholinergic agents (antagonist) |
|
Definition
1. AMINO ALCOHOL ESTERS -esters synthesized from amino alcohol
2. AMINO ALCOHOL ETHERS -ethers synthesized from amino alcohol
3. AMINOALCOHOLS
4. AMINOAMIDES
5. DIAMINES |
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Term
| What area of the spinal cord does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves originate from? |
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Definition
Sympathethic -thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
Parasympathetic-craniosacral (C3, C7, C9, C10, S2-S4) |
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Term
| What is the drug Hemicholinium used for? |
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Definition
| Blocks the uptake of ACh going into cells |
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Term
| What is the drug Vesamicol used for? |
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Definition
| locks ACh from entering into the vesicles to be protected and stored |
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Term
| What is the drug Botulinium used for? |
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Definition
| Prevents ACh from being released from the presynaptic neuron |
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Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of ACh? |
|
Definition
| Cholineacetyltransferase (CHAT) |
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Term
| Is the uptake of Choline into the cell active or passive transport? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the steps in the transportation of ACh in the synaptic cleft. |
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Definition
1. ACh formed and stored in vesicles 2. Influx of calcium causes
3. Vesicles to fused with the membrane 4. ACh released into synaptic cleft to bind to its receptor site |
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Term
| What causes the condition Myasthenia Gravis? |
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Definition
| Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack neuroreceptors (nicotinic Nm) within neuromuscular junctions |
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Term
| List the muscarinic receptor subtypes and the processes they are involved in. |
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Definition
| Muscarinic 1 subtypes- M1, M3,M5 are usually found on postsynpatic neurons and are usually stimulatory and involved in the phospholipase C system involving the conversion of phosphoinositol to IP3 + DAG Muscarinic 2 subtypes- M2, M4 are usually found on presynpatic neurons and are usually inhibitory and processes involving Gi/cAMP |
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Term
| The 2 branches of the autonomic system (parasympathetic and sympathetic) display what kind of antagonism? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Why would Atropine (pharmacological antagonist specific for M receptors) cause an increase in HR? |
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Definition
| Atropine inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system only leaving the sympathetic system unopposed which tends to increase HR |
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Term
| Effects of muscarinic stimulation |
|
Definition
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Miosis (pupillary constriction)
Blurred vision
Urinary incontinence
Increased secretions (salivation, lacrimation, urination, sweating, bronchial secretions) |
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Term
| Muscarinic Receptors Properties |
|
Definition
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
Found at the Peripheral at parasympathetic nervous system post gangionic sites (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands) |
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Term
| Nicotinic Receptors Properties |
|
Definition
Ligand Gated Multi-Subunit Ion Channel (LGMIC)
Found at preganglionic PNS fibers and neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles (causes contraction) |
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Term
|
Definition
Pilocarpine (alkaloid: isolated from a natural source) - MUSCARINE agonist
Used topically to treat glaucoma (condition of increased intraocular pressure) and orally to treat xerostomia or dry mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
Anticholinergic used to treat bradycardia associated with myocardial infarction, controls the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
Side effect: "Atropine flush" characterized by hot, dry skin and mydriasis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Anticholinergics used to cause pupillary dilation for eye examination |
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Definition
| Cyclopentolate (Cycloyl), Tropicamide (Mydracyl) |
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Term
| Anticholinergics used to treat asthma and COPD (off-labeled) |
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Definition
| Ipratropium (Atrovent), Tiotropium (Spiriva) |
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Term
| Anticholinergics used to treat peptic ulcers and diarrhea |
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Definition
| Dicyclomine (Bentyl), Propantholine (ProBantine) |
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Term
| Anticholinergics used to treat Urinary incontinence |
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Definition
| Tolterodine (Detrol), Trospium (Sanctura), Fesoterodine (Toviaz), Oxybutinin (Ditropan), Darifenacin (Enablex), Solifenacin (Vesicare) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tacrine, Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigmine (Exelon), Galantamine HBr (Razadyne) |
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Term
| Effects of Anticholinergics |
|
Definition
| Tachycardia, mydriasis, bronchodilation, decreased secretions, urinary retention |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| irritability, restlessness, delirium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Liver toxicity
inhibits the metabolism of theophylline |
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Term
| Side effects of Scopolamine |
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Definition
| Drowsiness, hallucination, delirium, xerostomia (dry mouth) |
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Term
| Contraindications of Anticholinergics |
|
Definition
Glaucoma (relative contraindication)
Prostatic hypertrophy
Gastrointestinal obstruction
Myasthenia’s gravis |
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Term
| Major and Minor mechanism for controlling circulating catechol |
|
Definition
Major:Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT)
Minor: Hepatic & G.I. MAO |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Most α-1A some α-1B
Radial muscle in the iris --> causes contraction leading to pupillary dilation (mydriasis)
Prostate (smooth muscle) --> causes contraction contributing to the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Most α-1B some α-1A
Blood vessels --> vascular small muscles contraction leading to vasoconstriction (increases BP) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Presynaptic membrane of sympathetic neurons --> inhibits the release of NE to control the amount released in the synapse
2.Presynaptic neuron in the CNS --> Inhibits the release of other NT (NE, Serotonin)
3.Postsynaptic membrane of blood vessels of sympathetic neurons --> vasoconstriction & vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle
4.CNS Vasomotor center --> slows sympathetic outflow
5.Pancreatic β-cells --> inhibit the release of insulin
6.Uveal tract (iris & ciliary body of the eye) --> lower intraocular pressure (IOP)
7.Locus coreleus in the CNS --> causes sedation |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Juxtamedullary apparatus in the Kidneys --> release renin which initiates the rennin-angiotensin system to eventually increase BP
2.Heart (myocardium) --> Provide temporary adrenaline by ↑contractility, ↑ Cardiac output, ↑ heart rate, ↑ automaticity, ↑ likelihood of arrhythmias, ↑ conduction impulse, ↑ oxygen consumption |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Vascular smooth muscle --> causing relaxation and vasodilation 2.Uterus --> causes relaxation to control premature labor
3.Liver --> stimulates glycogenolysis (the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose)
4.Pancreatic β-cells --> stimulate and increase in insulin to lower blood glucose levels
5.Bronchiole smooth muscles --> causing relaxation and opening of the bronchioles
6.Skeletal muscles --> causes tremors |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1.Adipose tissue --> facilitate hydrolysis of fat (triglyceride) to give rise to free fatty acids |
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|
Term
| Which endogenous catecholamine has little Beta-2 Effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metaproterenol (Alupent, Metaprel)
Albuterol (Proventil)
Pirbuterol (Maxair)
Levalbuterol (Xopenex) |
|
|
Term
| List the Selective Beta-2 Agonists |
|
Definition
Ritodrine (Yutopar)
Terbutaline (Brethine)
Metaproterenol (Alupent, Metaprel)
Albuterol (Proventil)
Pirbuterol (Maxair)
Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Salmeterol (Severent, Advair)
Fomoterol (Foradil, Performist, Symbicort)
Arformoterol (Brovanna) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salmeterol (Severent, Advair)
Fomoterol (Foradil, Performist, Symbicort)
Arformoterol (Brovanna) |
|
|
Term
| Nonselective Beta Agonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selective Alpha-1 Agonists |
|
Definition
Naphazoline (Naphcon, Privine, ClearEyes)
Oxymetazoline (Afrin)
Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)
Xylometazoline (Octrivin)
Phenylephrine (Sudafed) |
|
|
Term
| Selective Beta-1 Antagonists |
|
Definition
Metoprolol (Toprol)
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Betaxolol (Betoptic)
Nebivolol (Bystolic)
Esmolol (Brevibloc)
Bisoprolol (Zebeta) |
|
|
Term
| Nonselective Beta-1 Antagonists |
|
Definition
Propanolol (Inderal)
Levobunolol (Betagan)
Nadolol (Corgard)
Sotalol (Betaspace)
Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Carteolol (Cartrol)
Timolol (Timoptic)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
Labetalol (Trandate) |
|
|
Term
| Selective Alpha-1 Antagonists |
|
Definition
Prazosin (Minipress)
Terazosin (Hytrin)
Alfuzosin (Uroxatral)
Prazosin (Minipress)
Tamsulosin (Flomax) |
|
|
Term
| Nonselective Alpha Antagonists |
|
Definition
Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)
Phentolamine
*These are older formulations, newer Antagonists are selective for Alpha 1. Both controls BP in pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| Contraindications of Beta Agonists |
|
Definition
1. Coronary artery disease
2. Hypertension
3. Hyperthroidism
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Angina
6. Cardiac arrhytmias
7. Women in labor |
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|
Term
| Adverse Effects of B2 Agonists |
|
Definition
| Nervousness, insomnia; skeletal muscle tremors; Tachycardia/Palpitations (B1 effect); Increase (B1) or decrease (B2) blood pressure; Headache (B2); Angina in borderline ischemic patients |
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|
Term
| Mechanism of Action of indirect acting adrenergics |
|
Definition
| Promote the release or inhibit the re-uptake of norepinephrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Blood Pressure --> Orthostatic hypotension
2.Miosis (constriction)
3.Nasal Congestion |
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|
Term
| Applications of Beta Antagonists |
|
Definition
a. Treats cardiac arrhythmias (B1 blockade). Most affective in arrhythmias caused by adrenergic stimulation response.
b. Treats angina pectoralis (substernal pain caused by ischemia) (B1 blockade) by reducing the need for oxygen by the heart.
c. Treats hypertension by decreasing cardiac output, blocking the release of rennin from the kidneys and by decreasing sympathetic outflow by the cardiovascular (CV) centers in the CNS. Delayed response takes 2-3 days for activity.
d. Treats thyrotoxicosis by controlling the symptoms of hyperthyroidism for a short term.
e. Treats essential tremors (apparent during voluntary movements but not at rest). Intention tremors are a result of parkinson’s disease and is apparent during rest at not during voluntary movements). Due to B2 effect on skeletal muscle.
f. Treats acutely (I.V.) anf chronic (p.o.) myocardial infarction (or heart attack is when BV leading to the heart are blocked preventing enough oxygen from getting top the heart) by stabilizing the electrical event of the heart to prevent potentially lethal arrhythmias.
g. Treats glaucoma topically by blocking the B2 receptors in the eyes that cause consequent increase in aqueous humour production resulting in an increase in intraocular pressure of the eye. (Beta Blocker used for glaucoma cannot have local anesthetic activity). |
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|
Term
| Adverse effects of Beta Antagonists |
|
Definition
| depression, Insomnia, wheezing, bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| Contraindications/Precautions of Beta Antagonists |
|
Definition
1. Bronchial asthma and COPD
2. Sinus Bradycardia
3. Second/Third degree AV blockade
4. Chronic treatment of Hyperthyroidism
5. Peripheral vasospasm eg. Raynaud’s disease
6. Diabetes mellitus –prolongs insulin induced hypoglycemia; blocks the symptoms of hypoglycemia.
7. DO NOT abrupty discontinue use –prolonged blockade of the beta receptors results in super-sensitivity. |
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|
Term
| List the Beta Antagonists with Alpha-1 Blocking Effects |
|
Definition
1.Labetalol –Used p.o. for the treatment of hypertension. Produces a potential for orthostatic hypotension (A1 blockade effect). *Hint: Ends in –alol instead of the typical –olol, think “A = Alpha blocking effect as well”
2. Carvedilol –Used Used p.o. for the treatment of hypertension and CHF. |
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|
Term
| The Beta Antagonists used to treat CHF |
|
Definition
1.Metoprolol (Lopressor, Metoprolol Succinate ER, Toprol-XL) –Only the extended release (ER) form treats CHF
2.Carvedilol (Coreg)
3.Bisoprolol (Zebeta) |
|
|
Term
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) |
|
Definition
| Air blown out in 1 second |
|
|
Term
| Frequency of use of SABA that indicates asthma is worsening? |
|
Definition
| more than 2 times per week |
|
|
Term
| Monitoring tool used to assess a person's ability to blow out air. How often should it be used. |
|
Definition
Peak Flow Meter
Used daily |
|
|
Term
| When should an HFA be primed? How many times. |
|
Definition
First time use and at least 2 weeks with no activity
Prime 3 times |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological approaches to treat asthma |
|
Definition
Beta Agonists
Corticosteroids
Leukotriene Modifiers
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Theophylline
Monoclonal Antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Drug interactions of Beta agonists |
|
Definition
MAOIs
Sympathomimetic Agents
Beta Blockers
P450 3A4 Inhibitors & Inducers
Salmeterol
Caffeine
Yohimbine |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of corticosteroids |
|
Definition
Oral candidiasis
Hoarseness
May slow bone growth in children.
Cushing’s Effects
Osteoporosis
Hypertension
Cataracts
Glucose Intolerance
Skin Thinning
Depression |
|
|
Term
| Which corticosteroid has less incidence of thrush? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug interactions of corticosteriods |
|
Definition
Antidiabetic agents
3A4 Inhibitors & Inducers (exception: Triamcinolone, beclamethasone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cromolyn sodium (Intal)
-Unpleasant taste, cough
-No significant drug interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10 mg/kg/day BID-TID
Max dose 900 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| Side effects of theophylline |
|
Definition
Nausea
Vomiting
Nervousness
Tremors
Insomnia
Headache
Arrhythmia
Seizures |
|
|
Term
| What is used as an alternative to steroids in children |
|
Definition
| Cromolyn sodium (Intal) - Mast cell stabilizer |
|
|
Term
| Drug interactions of theophylline |
|
Definition
3A4 & 1A2 Inhibitors & Inducers
Caffeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Montelukast (Singulair)
Zafirlukast (Accolate) |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantage of using Accolate |
|
Definition
| Requires liver function test at baseline q. month for 3 months for 1 year |
|
|
Term
| INHIBITS the production of leukotrienes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adverse Effects & Drug Interactions of Zileuton |
|
Definition
Elevated liver enzymes
Zileuton is a 1A2 & 3A4 Inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Omalizumab (Xolair)
Administered subcutaneously every 2-4 weeks
Must be refrigerated.
No significant drug interactions
2nd line therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits IgE binding to mast cells and basophils |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of Omalizumab |
|
Definition
Injection site reaction
Urticaria
Thrombocytopenia
Anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
| Which class of medications used for the management of glaucoma has the potential to cause & fatigue bradycardia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which class of medications used for the management of glaucoma has the potential to cause hyperpigmentation of the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which medication used for the management of glaucoma has the potential to cause increased hair growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which beta blocker can potentially cause corneal staining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which medications used for the management of glaucoma are available as gel forming solutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which medications used for the management of glaucoma are available as suspensions? |
|
Definition
| Brinzolamide (Azopt), Betaxolol (Betoptic) |
|
|
Term
| Which prostaglandin analog has significant drug interactions. What are they? |
|
Definition
Latanoprost (Xalatan)
Interacts with thimersol (preservative) may cause a precipitate and with pilocarpine. |
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|
Term
| When should IOP be reassessed |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Dorzolamide (Trusopt) Drug interactions |
|
Definition
| Dorzolamide-Topiramate increased chance of kidney stones |
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|
Term
| Measures visual field changes |
|
Definition
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Term
| Insensitive and nonspecific monitoring tool used to measure the force required to flatten a certain area of the cornea |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Special mirrored contact lens used to exam the structures of the eye |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Exams the back part of the eyeball |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How long should nasolacrimal occlusion last ideally |
|
Definition
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