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| Finnish word for the Swedes. Scholars argue that "Russia" came from that word. |
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| Main religion of Russia. Developed from Roman Catholicism although it has less of a separation between religion and politics. |
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| Russian emperor. From Latin word Caesar. |
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| Legislature created by Nicholas II as a consequence of the Revolution of 1905. |
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| Worker's councils (pre-1917 meaning) |
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| Soviet secret police from 1917-1922. |
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| Body formed in the Soviet Union in 1954 to control domestic dissent and supervise overseas surveillance. |
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| Term that refers to the politically influential jobs in teh state, society or economy and that Communist Party appointees who staffed them. |
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| Russian leader elected President of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. |
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| President of Russia. Won elections in 2000 and 2004. |
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| Fortress in the heart of Moscow that has historically been the seat of state power. |
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| Federal Security Service (FSB) |
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| Successor to the KGB. Manages domestic and foreign intelligence. |
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| A region of southwest Russia in the northern Caucasus bordering on Georgia. |
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| A 178-seat legislative body in the Federal Assembly (Russia's bicameral parliament) which is the upper-house. |
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| Constitutional Court (Russia) |
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| 19 member court developed by Gorbachev in the late Soviet era. Top of the Russian legal structure. |
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| System in which power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions. |
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| Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) |
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| Strongest and most institutionlized political party since 1991. Largest party in the Duma. |
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| Pro-Western, pro-market economy party in Russia. |
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| Union of Right Forces (URF) |
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| New liberal Russian party. |
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| Russian individuals who became rich in the aftermath of Communism, often through government connections. |
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| Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) |
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| Russia party which is ironically not liberal or democratic. Party is known to be xenophobic, anti-Semitic, anti-capitalistic and anti-democratic. |
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| Parties created by political elites to support their political aspirations. |
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| Mountainous region in southwestern Russia near the Black Sea and Turkey. Ethinically diverse region which suffers from violent ethnic conflicts. |
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| Advice given to Russia after 1991 by Western economists to rapidly dismantle central planning and free up prices with the hope that these actions would stimulate competition and the creation of new businesses. |
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| Occured in Russia after 1991 when businesses were not sold off to a large number of shareholders but instead were aquired by former directors. |
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| Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) |
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| Loose integrationist body that incorporated many former Soviet republics after 1991. Body has little power. |
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| Changes made by the Chinese government after Mao which liberalized economic policies while maintaining control over political power. |
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| Chinese philosophy that influenced the imperial leaders (Han dynasty) with an emphasis on hierarchical roles, meritocracy, and obedience to authority. |
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| Chinese Nationalist Party. |
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| Leader of the Nationalist Party of in China. |
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| Chinese student protests in 1919 which aided the Nationalist Party by calling for modernization, break from Confucianism, nationalism and a rejection of foreign interference in China. |
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| Chinese Communist Party (CCP) |
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| Communist Party formed in 1921 which soon fought with the KMT for control of China. |
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| Leader of CCP and China from 1949-1976. |
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| CCP's retreat from the KMT in 1934-1935. 6,000 mile retreat into the countryside where only 10% of the CCP followers made it to final destination. Forced the party to become peasant oriented. |
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| Mao Zedong's try at liberalization in 1956 when he encouraged public criticism and dissent. Soon ended as leaders saw it as retreating from revolutionary ideals. |
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| Economic and social plan used from 1958 to early 1962 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy dominated by peasant farmers into a modern, industrialized communist society. |
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| Chinese radical students who acted as the vanguard of Mao's Cultural Revolution. |
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| A radical sociopolitical movement in China , 1966–71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system. |
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| Mao Zedong's successor. Ruled China from 1976-1993. |
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| Deng Xiaoping's successor. President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003. |
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| Jiang Zemin's successor. Current leader of China. |
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| Principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties. |
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| "Unit" system giving all Chinese all citizens a lifetime affiliation with a specific industrial, agricultural, or bureaucratic work which dictates all aspects of one's life, including housing and health care. |
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| "Household registration" system which forces all Chinese citizens to a specific geographic location. |
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| These 100-150 million itinerate workers who abandonded their hukou and have no danwei affiliation. Government plans on distributing microchipembedded national id card to all citizens to monitor them. |
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| National Party Congress of China |
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| The Chinese Communist Party's cumbersome legislative body made up of 3,000 members. Meets infrequently and does not conduct much policy making. |
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| National People's Congress (NPC) of China |
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| Highest organ of the state, government and state institutions. China's legislature. |
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| A meditation sect outlawed in China. International groups estimated that 50,000 of its practicers have been detained as political prisoners. |
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| People's Liberation Army (PLA) |
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| China's army, navy and air force. Played a key role in bringing legitimacy to the 1949 Revolution, played a role in economic reconstruction in the 1950s and ended the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. |
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| Promise Mao's government to give all Chinese citizens cradle-to-grave health care, work, and retirement security. |
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| Policy that politically indoctrinates party cadres (Reds) over those with economic training (experts). Campaign tactic of Mao. |
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| Household responsibility system |
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| Euphemism for largely private farming that replaced agricultural communes in China. Part of Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms after Mao's death. |
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| Areas that offered tax breaks and other incentives to lure foreign investment to a handful of coastal enclaves starting in 1979. |
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| "One country, two systems" |
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| Principle behind the UK and China's decision in 1997 to relinquish Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty. |
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