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| Noun: strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit |
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| Noun: the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China |
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| Noun: a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family |
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| Noun: the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument; "the thermometer needed calibration" |
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| Noun: a cruel and oppressive dictator |
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| Noun: a Chinese philosophy based on the writings of Lao-tzu ( fl. 6th century BC), advocating humility and religious piety. |
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| Noun: the permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians. |
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| Noun: The Mandate of Heaven (Chinese: 天命; pinyin: tiānmìng; literally: "heaven decree") is an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly. |
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| Noun: (in Confucianism) the important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly |
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