Term
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Definition
hierarchical structure
subordination of other states in China
Tributary System then lead to Treaty System |
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Term
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Definition
1848-1860
Set to replace Confucian ideals with one of Western regard
treaty ports, consuls, settlements, new treaty tariff, extraterritoriality
1850- most foreigners set to 5 ports in China
between Qing Empire, Britain, France, and Austria-Hungary
brought in a lot of foreign people |
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Term
| Sources of Chinese and Western Conflict 1848 - 1860 |
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Definition
Conflict was nurtured by
1. decline of Manchu power due to rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion
2. incapacity of hierarchy to adjust to dealing with global affairs
3. growing cooperation and strength of treaty powers (West) toward establishing wider commercial relations with China |
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Term
| Series of Wars between China and Treaty Powers |
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Definition
reasoning: open up China and impose treaties, but Qing government resistant
1. 1st Opium War (Brits and Chinese)
2. 2nd Opium War (French, Brits, Chinese)
3. 1895 - Sino-Japanese War |
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Term
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Definition
1848-1864 - huge peasant rebellion
Rebellion in the South, Middle (Taiping)
fueled by rural poverty |
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Term
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Definition
According to Confucian principle: it's alright to rebel if a dynasty has lost its ability to rule
Chinese suffering from corruption, overtaxation, excessive land rents, etc.
increase in population...all these lead to virtual serfdom for peasants
Hung Hsiu-ch'uan: believed he was God's son (literally), led the rebellion
captured Nanjing and Hung became "Heavenly King" there (it was their capital in a sense)
Set to overthrow Manchu Dynasty
Spread north but not to Peking (where emperor was) |
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Term
| Western Response to Taiping Rebellion |
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Definition
At first, West sympathizes with rebelling peasants, but then realizes that if Qing/Manchu Dynasty fails, they won't have a trading partner.
So, they help create an army that protects Shanghai from the rebels and then the rebels were finally defeated by provincial armies |
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Term
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Definition
A band of rebels that battled the Chinese government near Shanghai
Due to rebellion the customs house on the Shanghai port was emptied and the Western powers took advantage of this
Western powers allowed their own consuls to impose tariffs on goods, and some merchants didn't even pay because the Westerners let them have it easy |
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Term
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Definition
Example of Western governments negligent in their obligations toward China
grave consequences from extraterritoriality rights
gave right to treaty powers to establish courts at ports
created their own jails |
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Term
| Opium Trade during Treaty System |
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Definition
| Even though Opium was not allowed to be imported into China due to First Opium War, there was a black market and treaty powers still contributed to market because didn't want to give up profitable trade |
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Term
| Demands for Treaty Revision |
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Definition
Chinese pissed that Westerners have no regard (abusing extraterritoriality rights, etc.)
Westerners pissed that Chinese are limiting trade opportunities
foreigners considered treaties from 1842-44 irrelevant
Britain especially wanted to revise treaties because American and French got their treaties changed..perhaps delays in changing treaties due to Taiping |
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Term
| Britain's Demands with Treaty Revision |
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Definition
1. Wanted full access to interior of China
2. if NOT wanted free navigation of the Yangtze, access to the cities on Yangtze's banks up to Nanjing, wanted legalization of opium trade, finally wanted a representative at Peking because ignored at the ports by Chinese viceroys
wanted to convert Chinese to Western diplomacy meaning wanted to change Chinese ways of dealing with foreign affairs
Britain teams up with Americans and then resorts to aggression after Crimean War ends |
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Term
| Second Opium War (Arrow War) |
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Definition
Chinese police arrested 12 Chinese crewmen for piracy and smuggling and tore British flag while doing so
Brits were pissed because the ships was registered to them and flag was torn
Brit vessels bombarded area
Chinese flipped and destroyed British factories/businesses in Canton
Anglo-French seized Canton and kept going North on the attack until reach Tientsin
Treaty signed |
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Term
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Definition
Revisions on treaties made in 1842-44
Most Favored Nations would all enjoy treaty (so US and Russia too)
New privileges:
1. Foreign ministers at Peking, so foreign influence at the capital
2. right to travel in all parts of interior
3. right of foreign ships on Yangtze
4. Chinese authorities had to protect missionaries
Controversies over ministers at capital and protecting missionaries (cultural heritage) |
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Term
| Tariff negotiations during Treaty System |
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Definition
5% duty on imports and exports
legalization of the opium trade |
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Term
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Definition
| economy, tech, military strength, quality of leadership vs time |
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Term
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Definition
1800 - China start out on top and start to decline
1840 - 1st Opium War
1860 - Japan and China converge
1854 - opening of Japan
1894 - Sino-Japan War |
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Term
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Definition
Power was declining
Japan noted to be power of East Asia
Difference was China lethargic to accepting Western influence while Japan embrace |
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Term
| Characteristics of Qing Government |
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Definition
Manchu tribe federation, ethnic group
incredibly conservative, in terms of economic development, maybe should start building steam ships & acquire technology...but great resistance to this
Japan though shifted very quickly and have gov like that of Britain and US |
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Term
| Why Chinese conservatism? |
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Definition
dominant view within Qing Court following repeated military defeats (Opium Wars)
barbarians are pesky, so the gov emphasizes Chinese superiority
barbarians have to understand Chinese and conform to Chinese ways, so Chinese are better
if Chinese lose traditional ways, would lost confidence...Chinese is everything
essence of Chinese approach - education, with education one gains virtue |
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Term
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Definition
felt that:
China is not the center of the world
world is a sphere
many countries in Europe have histories as long as China
begin to open China to world politics
deep ignorance but gradual understanding (result of Western exposure) |
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Term
| What Historians believe about Chinese lethargy |
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Definition
1. Qing are not Chinese, so they had to prove themselves to the Chinese. Were willing to adopt technology from the Russians though...that's what they used to conquer the Ming
2. Steppe: Manchu part of horsemen, didn't understand ocean. even feared ocean, Qing push the boundaries via land against Mongols only, no seaward expansion
3. culturalism - Chinese thought they were on top, no one else could be on top, can't change the way you live because the way you live makes you on top of the world |
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Term
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Definition
wrote "Discourse of Race in Modern China" - a book that describes how Chinese thought barbarians are animals, a thought that transforms into racism
defeat barbarians and make them assimilate, any Chinese adviser would be fired for proposing that the Chinese should comply and adopt other forms of culture |
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Term
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Definition
Mentality that China should be strengthened by having a foreign ministry
20 years after Opium War, China begin to embrace diplomacy
more aware of Westphalian states
advance in technology, but say nothing about the emperor and his role
only need the technology (railways, telephone lines, arsenal) |
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Term
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Definition
Power in Manchu held by eunuchs
then Conservatives won |
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Term
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Definition
| those who argued that China must embrace Western customs, but did not accept ideas of liberal democracies, had idea that governed had a voice, but curbing the power of the government was insane! lost when conservatives came back into power |
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Term
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Definition
| had more technology and more advancement than middle areas. Even had some radicals that thought of overthrowing government due to new intellectual ideas |
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Term
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Definition
China greater strength than Japan until 1870
Japan much greater 1914
1800-1840: 1st Opium War
1854: Opening of Japan
1870: Japan and China cross
1894: Sino-Japan War
1914: WW1 |
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Term
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Definition
15 years old when came to power and surrounded himself with senior advisers
wanted a modern state with central government
took power from shogunate and gave it to senior advisers
shogun pissed and fight, but lose
try to overthrow feudalism
established new national army
gave peasants weapons, so samurai no longer only fighters
urban poverty increase because peasants displaced |
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Term
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Definition
6 year mandatory education - based on US
Modern economic system with banks
Railways, new technology, but Japan endure HUGE debts because bought tech, but state industries sucked
1870s - privatized industries |
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Term
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Definition
| private entrepreneurial families that worked with the government to help Japan until end of WW2 |
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Term
| Japan's Structural Development |
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Definition
Capitalist Developmental State
Missions to learn about West
Conclusion that if Japan does not westernize, it will not survive
US education model, Britain navy, German medicine |
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Term
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Definition
1889
Modeled off of German constitution
not a republic but citizens still had rights |
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Term
| Japan's Beginning of Active Foreign Policy |
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Definition
some oligarchs wanted to take Taiwan and challenge Russia and China
Meiji felt that Japan wasn't ready
Japan wanted to remain neutral, even if that meant accepting unfair treaties |
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Term
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Definition
disagreements about islands north of Japan
1875 - treaty signed between the 2 countries
after WW2, Russia get them back
Japan also wanted Okinawan Islands and islands south of it |
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Term
| Why was Japan so open to the West? |
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Definition
1. Japan didn't have burden of greatness like China
2. Japan several times adopt from other cultures (7th century adopt from China and Korea)
3. Japan's rulers were warriors |
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Term
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Definition
1st Sino-Japanese War
2nd Sino-Japanese War
Korean War |
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Term
| Outcomes of 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
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Definition
Japan won and became internationally respected
signed Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-22)
First Alliance between East and West |
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Term
| Korea's role in the Sino-Japanese War |
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Definition
Korea in Tributary System from 7th century
Loyal to China - ex. in 1592 when Japan attacked, China was there to help
After Meiji, Japan want to open relations with Korea
China and Korea didn't accept because China emperor and Jap emperor not equal
Nationalists (mainly Samurai) pissed!
Treaty between Korea and Japan, but Korea hesitant because loyalty to China
Korea saw that Japan was advanced and realized needed the help
Confused whether to stick with status quo (China) or modernize like Japan |
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Term
| China's influence to kick off the 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
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Definition
Li-Hung Chang try to make Japanese-Korean relations not that special, so have Korea sign treaties with other nations
Have Korea sign a treaty with China, so China gets even more power in Japan
Japan sends troops because Chinese riot
China also send troops
But no actual fighting |
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Term
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Definition
12 years after China and Japan have troops in Korea, rebellion (mainly Japanese start) occurs
Korean gov try to combat rebellion, but can't so call on China
Chinese troops come
Japan wins at sea because of skill
On land Japan dominate as well
Prove that China is sick man of Asia |
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Term
| Treaty ending 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
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Definition
at Shimonoseki in 1895
Korea is independent
Taiwan given to Japan
Japan becomes MFN
Japan gets Port Arthur - try to get Manchuria and then Russia steps in and ends up getting Port Arthur
China grants Russia rights that Japan had |
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Term
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Definition
established 1912 and democratic government used
but warlords over power
Yuan Shikai - protoge of Li Hang-Zhang
WW1 - in state of political decline
China has no central government |
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Term
| Japanese Foreign Policy from WW1 |
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Definition
Power vacuum from war
Britain calls on Japan to be their ally
Japan help stop Germans in South Pacific
Take advantage of China and see themselves as main power in East
Superior to other Asians, liberate Asia from White Powers |
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Term
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Definition
Industry in Manchuria
Jan 1915
Given in secret
Violation of US Open Door Policy
Giving Shandong and Fujin 99 year leases for Japan to get resources
China had to open interior to Japan
Group 5 - required China to hire Japanese advisors, China and Japan would establish police military, and China would only get weapons from Japan |
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Term
| Japan's motives for 21 Demands |
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Definition
1. wanted 2 countries to rule Asia with Japan at top
leads to increase in anti-Japan nationalism in China and US sees this as a break into Open Door Policy |
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Term
| Japan starting to overtake European countries |
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Definition
1915- Br weak and Russia faltering
Japan try to challenge Br, so Br and Fr accept lands in Asia
Japan take German lands in China
China not happy and resent West even more |
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Term
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Definition
Huge growth in rural poverty
Increased tenant farming
Increased food from US
Less and less connection with farmers because people moving to cities
Taxation and corruption increased
Taiping Rebellion cause setbacks |
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Term
| New Social Classes in China |
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Definition
Capitalists
Proletariat
Western Intellectuals |
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Term
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Definition
After defeat by Japan in 1890s
End with coup of Empress Dowager Cixi
Nationalism growing
want to restore the Han |
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Term
| Problems with Collective Security |
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Definition
1. States are inclined to act based on own interests
2. States find punishing aggressive states as more costly than acquiescing to it
Any norm is doomed if national interests are not addressed |
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