Term
| Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
|
Definition
| involve symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; syndrome marked by by deficits in controlling attention, inhibiting impulses, and organizing long-term goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most children and adolescents have this type; presence of six or more of the symptoms of inattention and 6+ symptoms of hyperactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immaturity of the brain, particularly frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, and corpus callosum; genetic predisposition; prenatal and birth complications; disrupted families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and the norms for appropriate social behavior; more likely in boys |
|
|
Term
| Oppositional defiant disorder |
|
Definition
| symptoms not as severe as conduct disorder but hae their onset at an earlier age; often develops into conduct disorder |
|
|
Term
| biological treatments for ADHD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biological treatments for conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder |
|
Definition
| antidepressants (SSRI's reduce irratable or agitated behavior), neuroleptics, stimulants, and lithium |
|
|
Term
| Separation Anxiety Disorder |
|
Definition
| children who show much more than usual anxiety when separated from caregivers as well as clinging behaviors in the presence of caregivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological factor in separation anxiety syndrome; some children are born shy, fearful, and irritable as toddlers and cautious as school-age; clingy to caregivers, avoid novel situations; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children over age of five, have wet bed or clothes at least twice a week for three months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children over age of five, have wet bed or clothes at least twice a week for three months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavioral method for enuresis, a pad is placed under a sleeping child to detect traces of urine sets off a bell when urine is detected, awakening the child to condition him to wake up and use the bathroom before urinating; reliable long-term method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unintended defecation at least one time per month for three months; child over four years of age; more common in boys than girls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| known as dyslexia, deficits in the ability to read; apparent by fourth grade; more common in boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficits in mathematics skills, apparent by second or third grade |
|
|
Term
| disorder of written expression |
|
Definition
| deficits in the ability to write; severe trouble spelling, constructing a sentence or paragraph, or writing legibly; rare disorder |
|
|
Term
| developmental coordination disorder |
|
Definition
| deficits in the ability to walk, run, or hold on to objects; the one motor skills disorder |
|
|
Term
| expressive language disorder |
|
Definition
| deficits in the ability to express oneself through language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of speech sounds inappropriate for age or dialect |
|
|
Term
| mixed receptive-expressive language disorder |
|
Definition
| deficits in the ability to both express oneself through language and to understand the language of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe problems in word fluency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developmental disorder marked by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, as well as deficits in life skill areas (communication, self-care, work, and interpersonal relationships); Mild: IQ=50-70; Moderate: IQ=35-50; Severe: IQ=20-35; Profound: IQ=under20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear evidence of a biological cause for the disorder, tends to be more severe; |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Familial retardation |
|
Definition
| less evidence for the role of biology and more evidence for the role of environment in the development of the disorder; less severe and with intervention may possibly wind up normal |
|
|
Term
| Factors Associated with Mental Retardation |
|
Definition
| EX: Genetic disorders (down syndrome, Tay-Sachs, Fragile X syndrome, phenylketonuria, and Trisomy 13 or 18); early alterations of embryonic development (prenatal exposure to toxins like alcohol); pregnancy and perinatal problems (malnutrition, prematurity, hypoxia, intracranial hemorrhage); Acquired Childhood diseases/accidents (infections, malnutrition, head trauma, poisoning, environmental deprivations such as psychosocial disadvantages and neglect); |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetuses whose mothers abuse alcohol during pregnancy are at increased risk for mental retardation and a collection of physical defects; avg IQ of 68 |
|
|
Term
| Drug Therapies for Mental Retardation |
|
Definition
| neuroleptics: reduce aggressive and antisocial behaviors; atypical antipsychotics: reduce aggression and self-injury; antidepressants: reduce depression, improve sleep, and reduce self-injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symtoms include a range of deficits in social interaction, communication, and activities and interests; to be diagnosed children must show these deficits before the age of 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rather than generating own words, some children simply echo what they just heard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apparently normal development through the first 5 months of life and normal head circumference at birth but then deceleration of head growth between five and 48 months, loss of motor and social skills already learned, and poor development of motor skills and language |
|
|
Term
| childhood disintegrative disorder |
|
Definition
| apparently normal development for the first 2 years, followed by significant loss of previously acquired skills between ages 2 and 10 and abnormalities of functioning in social interaction, communication, and activities; both this and Rett's marked by normal development for a while then a permanent loss of skills and abilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficits in social interaction and in activities and interests, but not in language or basic cognitive skills; "little professor syndrome"; controversy exists over whether just a mild variant of autism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contributor to autism; ability both to understand that people-including oneself- have mental states and to use this understanding to interact and communicate with others |
|
|
