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Childhood Disease
Child Studies Final
51
Biology
Undergraduate 4
11/15/2009

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Cards

Term

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-White Blood Cells accumulate in Bone Marrow

-3000 a year

-3-5 Years old

-98% remission/80% cured

-Boys, whites, siblings

Term

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Tumors of the peripheral lymph nodes, thymus or abdominal organs, such as the bowel, but can appear at other sites.

-3rd most common cancer in children.

-9 in 1 million children under 15 will develop it each year.

-75% can be cured with treatment/Early, localized stage: more than 90% cure.

-Children with immuno-deficiencies have a greatly increased risk.

Term

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-White Blood Cells in Bone Marrow

-500 a year

-People of 25, but found in teens and children

-Most common 2nd malignancy

-80-90% initial remission/ 40-50% long term remission

-Greater incidence in people exposed to large amounts of radiation and certain chemicals (benzene).

Term

Hodgkin’s Disease

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver and by progressive anemia.

-6-7,000 cases a year.

-Striking increase after adolescence until age 30.

-Limited Stage: 90-100%/ Advanced Stage: 70-90%

-Boys, siblings, Mono

Term

Germ Cell Tumors

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Arise from “germ cells” found in brain and cause kinds of tumors.

-Primarily found in two locations in the brain but can spread on brain and spinal cord.

-1% of newly diagnosed brain tumors in children.

-85% are cured with radiation

-Diagnosed during adolescents, boys

Term

Neuroblastoma

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Tumors start in neural crest cells in SNS. Tumors can appear anywhere from neck to tailbone, but are most common near the adrenal gland or in the chest.

-1 in 10,000 children.

-Infants, Boys

Term

Osteosarcoma

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Most common type of bone cancer.

-Bones on either side of the knee and in the upper arm.

-4 in 1 million children.

-Localized: 70% (15% in the 1960s) Spead: 30%

-Boys, Adolescents, Cause unknown.

Term

Rhabdomyosarcoma

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Aggressive soft tissue tumor that arises from muscle cells.

-5th most common pediatric cancer (5-8% of cases)

-70% with localized will have long-term survival.

-Boys, Blacks, Ages 2-6.

Term

Wilm’s Tumor

 

(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends)

Definition

-Solid tumor that originates in the kidney.

-Some children have a genetic predisposition.

-Majority have no clear cause.

-Equally in boys and girls.

Term
What is asthma?
Definition

-Inflamed airways that produce lots of thick mucus.

-Overly sensitive, or hyperreactive, to certain things, like exercise, dust, or cigarette smoke.

-Smooth muscle that surrounds the airways to tighten up.

-The combination of airway inflammation and muscle tightening narrows the airways and makes it difficult for air to move through.

Term
What are triggers for asthma?
Definition

-Exercise

-Dust

-Perfume

-Cigarette smoke

Term
What effect does smoking and second-hand smoke have on asthma?
Definition
Smoking causes the airways to become swollen, narrow, and filled with sticky mucus — the same problems that cause breathing trouble in people with asthma. For this reason, if a person with asthma smokes, they're more likely to have more frequent and severe flare-ups. Secondhand smoke can damage the lungs, leading to long-term breathing problems or worsening existing breathing problems.
Term
How is poverty linked to asthma?
Definition
Poorer/lower class usually live in areas such as larger cities that deal with smog. Also, homes may be dirtier harboring things such as dust, smoke, and other triggers.
Term
Do you outgrow asthma?
Definition
Sometimes
Term
What impact does asthma have on school absences, hospitalization, ER and doctor’s office visits?
Definition
Can cause child to miss more school and have more trips to the doctor if not managed properly.
Term
How does asthma effect participation in sports?
Definition
Being active, working out, and playing sports does more than help a child with asthma stay fit, maintain a healthy weight, and have fun - it can actually strengthen a child's breathing muscles and help the lungs work better. It is important to manage treatments and take medicine.
Term
Define cystic fibrosis.
Definition
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that causes the body to produce mucus that's extremely thick and sticky. The mucus in people with CF is thicker than normal because CF affects cells in the epithelium the layer of cells that lines the passages in the body's organs. This thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body's organs and infection sets in. The two organs that are most affected are the lungs and pancreas, where the thick mucus causes breathing and digestive problems. The thicker mucus has trouble moving out of the lungs, so bacteria can remain and cause infections.
Term
How do you get cystic fibrosis? Be specific.
Definition
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease caused by mutations in a gene on chromosome 7, one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that children inherit from their parents. Cystic fibrosis occurs because of mutations in the gene that makes a protein called CFTR. A person with CF produces abnormal CFTR protein or no CFTR protein at all, which causes the body to make thick, sticky mucus instead of the thin, watery kind.
Term
How does a malfunction of the epithelial cells cause the problems of CF?
Definition
This thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body's organs and infection sets in. The two organs that are most affected are the lungs and pancreas, where the thick mucus causes breathing and digestive problems. The thicker mucus has trouble moving out of the lungs, so bacteria can remain and cause infections.
Term
Why is it difficult for a child with CF to maintain weight?
Definition
Mucus also can block the digestive tract and pancreas. The mucus stops digestive enzymes from getting to the intestines. The body needs these enzymes to break down food, which provides important nutrients to help people grow and stay healthy.
Term
Which ethnic groups have the highest and lowest incidence of CF?
Definition
Most common in Caucasians.
Term
When is a diagnosis of CF usually made? How is it diagnosed?
Definition

-Most people are diagnosed with CF at birth through newborn screening, or before the age of 2.


-Sweat test or a genetic test confirm the diagnosis.

Term
What symptoms might a newborn baby with CF have at birth?
Definition

Although all newborns have meconium — the thick, dark, putty-like substance that usually passes from the rectum in the first few days of life — in CF, the meconium can be too thick and sticky to pass and can completely block the intestines. They may also have salty tasting skin. More commonly, though, babies born with CF don't gain weight as expected.

Term
What does daily basic care of a child with CF involve?
Definition

1. Take pancreatic enzyme supplement capsules with every meal and most snacks (even babies who are breastfeeding may need to take enzymes).

2. Take multi-vitamins.

3. Do some form of airway clearance at least once and sometimes up to four or more times a day.

4. Take aerosolized medicines—liquid medicines that are made into a mist or aerosol and then inhaled through a nebulizer.

Term
What is the bacterium that is so contagious between CF patients?
Definition
Burkholderia cepacia
Term
What effect has Cepacia bacteria had on the CF population?
Definition
They can no longer have camps with those who have cepacia due to risk of infection. It keeps them more isolated and reduces support.
Term
Why are lumbar punctures done?
Definition
This is done to get some of the fluid that is around the spinal cord to test for diseases and provide medical information to doctors.
Term
Does Texas Children’s Hospital use EMLA to prepare a child for lumbar puncture?
Definition
yes
Term
What position does a child need to be in for lumbar puncture?
Definition
He or she will help your child curl up in a ball (like a cat does) with his or her back facing the doctor or nurse practitioner.
Term
How is the skin cleaned for the LP?
Definition
Brown soap called Betadine
Term
Why is there a drape over the child’s back for lumbar puncture?
Definition
To protect the skin from germs.
Term
Do they numb the skin for lumbar puncture?
Definition
Yes
Term
What will the child feel during the lumbar puncture?
Definition
A pressure on his/her back like someone is pushing on it.
Term
Why is it important to stay lying down for 20-30 minutes after the lumbar puncture is over?
Definition
To keep from damaging anything, keep it from being too painful, and to get the correct amount of fluid needed
Term
Why is a bone marrow test done?
Definition
The results of this test help your child’s doctor learn more about your child’s blood cells and how healthy they are.
Term
What position does a child need to be in for this bone marrow test?
Definition

The nurse and lab technician will help your child up onto a long, skinny table and to lie down on his or her stomach. They will put a firm pillow under your child’s hips so that the hip bones are raised up. Your child’s arms will be out in front of him or her.

Term
How is the skin cleaned for a bone marrow test?
Definition
Betadine
Term
Is EMLA used for bone marrow test?
Definition
No
Term
Is there an injection to numb the skin for bone marrow test?
Definition
Yes
Term
How is the bone marrow test done?
Definition

The doctor or PNP will put a special bone marrow needle into the hip bone. Because the numbing medicine is still working, some children say they only feel someone pushing on their back. After the bone marrow needle is in, the doctor or PNP will attach a syringe to the end of the needle. By pulling back on the syringe some of the bone marrow from your child’s hip bone will be collected. Because bone marrow is thick, it may flow up into the syringe slowly. While the bone marrow is being withdrawn, some children say they feel a pain that goes down their legs.

Term
What will the child feel during the bone marrow test?
Definition
Possible pain radiating down leg and pressure. Pain with a biopsy.
Term
What does MRI and CT stand for?
Definition

MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

 

CT: Computed Tomography

Term
What do the MRI machine and CT scanner look like?
Definition

MRI: large square machine with large hole in the center that the child is put in to on a bed.

 

CT: The CT machine is big and looks something like a large doughnut.

Term
Why would that be scary for children?
Definition

MRI: child may feel enclosed or trapped, unable to get out

 

CT: child will be strapped down and may feel trapped. Machine is very large.

Term
Which uses radiation (x-rays) and which uses a magnet?
Definition

MRI: magnet

 

CT: radiation

Term
What does a child feel during an MRI or CT?
Definition

MRI: IV contrast side effects may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, a flushed face or a feeling of warmth when the injection is given. These side effects are rare and usually do not last long.

 

CT: IV contrast side effects may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, a flushed face or a feeling of warmth when the injection is given. These side effects are rare and usually do not last long. If oral contrast is given, your child may experience a feeling of fullness, abdominal pain or diarrhea.

Term
What kind of noise do the machines make?
Definition

MRI: sounds like tennis balls in a dryer

 

CT: sounds like a large fan

Term
Will the child need an IV for a MRI or CT?
Definition

MRI: may need an IV for contrast or sedation

 

CT: yes for contrast

Term
How it is determined whether a child will need a sedative or not for a CT or MRI?
Definition
If the child has problems lying still
Term
Does the child wear his/her own clothes or a hospital gown?
Definition

MRI: his/her own clothes as long as they don’t contain any metal

 

CT: hospital gown

Term
How long does an MRI and CT Scan take to complete?
Definition

MRI: about an hour

CT: about thirty minutes

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