Who scores lower on formal reasoning tasks?

Mastery Oriented Attributions

more argumentative

idealism and criticism

self conciousness and self focusing

egocentrism

imaginary audience and personal fable

surrounding culture is important

everyone develops in their own context

Vygotsky's view

lack of direction and purpose in life

inability to commit

unprepared for stages of adulthood

organizing, guiding, planning

massive improvements across middle childhood

posive in Erikson's middle childhood stage

transition to formal schooling

discover their own and others uniqueness

learn value of division labor

develop sense of moral commitment and responsibility

state

selectivity

executive control

choosing what to focus on

great improvements from 6-9

identity vs identity confusion

intimacy vs isolation

generative vs stagnation

integrity vs despair

personal exploration

important for identity

attribute their failures to their abilities

conclude that external factor cause their successes

believe skills cannot be improved

likely to give up without trying

focus on preformance goals

externalizing disorder

often loses temper

placed in special classrooms

often argues and refuses to comply with adults

a lot of variance with intelligence

a lot come from high resource backgrounds

social contract orientation

universal ethical principle orientation

follow social rules because it benefits society

feel that social contracts can be changed

identified achieved

moratorum

foreclosure

identity diffusion

healthy

made commitments throughout various apects of life

if you find meaning in your life

overcome physical limitations of old age

overcome obstacles

if you have lots of regrets and sadness about your life

associated with depression in old age

focus on loss of health

not satisfied with life

tests 2-adulthood

verbal and quantitative IQ

Piaget's last stage

stay in this stage for rest of life

hypothetic codeductive reasoning

propositional thought

abstract thought

operations work best with concrete objects

problems with abstract thought

lack of flexibility in thought

What is high self esteem associated with?

unhealthy

stage of exploration prematurely cut off

made commitments not based on one's exploration

associated with being narrow minded and judgemental

5 - 7 kids

exclusive

identified by interests and social status

if you dont achieve intimacy

usually self absorbed

very concerned but not willing to meet other people

second phase of vocational development

ages 11 - 16

evaluates abilities, interests, and valures

third phase of vocational development

late adolescence to adulthood

explore careers and crystallize category

very unhealthy

same as Erikson'd identity confusion

okay for adolescents

not trying to figure out identity

associated with depression

1. fantasy period

2. tentative period

3. realistic period

first phase of vocational development

early and middle childhood

purely fantasizing about career

good girl/ good boy orientation

seek to maintain affection and attention from others

social-order-maintaining orientation

personal duty to uphold laws

most people don't move past this stage

tests 6-16 year olds

verbal reasoning, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

IQ = 2 SD's from mean

achievement score = more than 1 SD from IQ score

Intimacy

focused on finding someone to spend life with

must know who you are

not going anywhere beyond where they already are in their life and career

self centered and self focused as an adult

Erikson's late adulthood stage

engage in life review and reflect on life

Erikson's stages are an example

experiential canalization

further along you go, the harder it is to change direction

Experiential Canalization

previous experience directs where you go

what you do now points you in a certain direction

development builds on itself

externalizing disorder

meets all criteria for ODD plus more

aggression towards animals and people

not scared of consequences

destruction of property

precursor for antisocial personality disorder

more likely to come from lower resources than those with ODD

start internalizing beliefs about right and wrong

follow social rules because they ensure positive relationships

adolescence

includes stage 3 and stage 4

outcomes are probably going to happen but are not set in stone

goes against idea that heredity drives development

split of different factors

influence of genes and environment

means its a two way street

influences behavior, influences gene expression

children begin using traits to describe self

lose naive arrogance of early childhood

social comparisons

Social Comparisons

Crowds

larger than cliques

several cliques within

membership based on reputation and stereotype

liver

meats

eggs

peanut butter

prenatal vitamins

short term

related to a traumatic event

upset lasts longer than expected

interferes with daily life

negative of Erikson's middle childhood stage

pessimistic children with little confidence in their abilities

can develop if family life does not prepare child for school or if teachers or peers destroy child's sense of competency

a positive but realistic self concept

pride in accomplishment

moral responsibility

cooperative participation with agemates

follow self chosen ethical principles

not constrained by customs

apply to all people regardless of laws or customs

deducing hypothesis from a general theory

proceeds from possibility to reality

tested with pendelum problem

1. context dependent

2. cumulative

3. probalistic

4. reciprocally determined