Term
| What are the 5 main divisions of the developing brain? |
|
Definition
-Myencephalon
-Metencephalon
-Mesencephalon
-Diencephalon
-Telencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A division of the developing brain where the pons and medula form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A division of the developing human brain where the cerebellum forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A division of the developing human brain where the midbrain forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A division of the developing human brain where the thalamaus and hypothalamus develop, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A divison of the developing brain where the cerebral cortex/forebrain develop. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main zones of early cortical tissue? (Cortical Architecture) |
|
Definition
-Ventricular Zone
-Intermediate Zone
-Cortical Plate |
|
|
Term
| What path do neurons migrate on? |
|
Definition
| The neurons migrate from the Ventricular Zone to the Intermediate Zone, to the Cortical Plate. This is key in Migration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cavity within the neural tube that contains PROGENITOR CELLS, which divide both symmetrically and asymmetrically to produce glial and neuronal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main phases of brain development? |
|
Definition
-Proliferation
-Differentiation
-Migration
-Death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The production of new nerve cells (begins in the first month of development and is completed in the sixth month of prenatal development). Symmetric and Asymmetric division occurs during this phase.
(Has to do with why our brains are 10x larger than monkey's but not 10x thicker, more progenitor cells means more neurons-larger cortical sheet!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the process involved in the enlarging of the neurons, forming dendrites. Adding connections between neurons. Circuitry. Synaptogenesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shortly after their formation, neurons migrate from the neural tube where they were produced to other locations. There is movement from the Ventricular Zone to the Intermediate Zone to the Cortical Plate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Lots of connections are established, but those that aren't actively used are retracted in a process called Synaptic Pruning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell division that produces two cells that have different fates; one cell migrates to other brain areas leaving one to continue multiplying progenitor cells.
(progenitor cell retained, daughter cell formed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daughter cells receive the same properties and equivalent fates; Symmetric Division multiplies the progenitor cell to create two of the same cells designed for multiplying in the ventricular zone. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main factors influencing cell fate? |
|
Definition
-Progenitor Type
-Date of birth for the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether a cell is a neuroblast or a glioblast. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main ways that cells become differentiated |
|
Definition
| Cell timing and Cell fate |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cell migration? |
|
Definition
| Active Migration and Passive Migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in an inside-out pattern (cells inside grow and push the old cells outside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in an outside-in pattern |
|
|
Term
| How is the 2D to 3D relationship established during neuronal migration? |
|
Definition
| This has to do with why even though our brains are 10x bigger than Monkey's but not 10x thicker. More progenitor cells means more neurons, and more neurons lead to a larger cortical sheet. The cortical sheet is expanded by proliferation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Hebbian principle? |
|
Definition
| Cells that fire together wire together! |
|
|
Term
| How does the Hebbian principle relate to synaptogenesis? |
|
Definition
| The Hebbian principle relates to synaptogenesis because the simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of the synapses. Occurs vastly in early development. Flio something extends when it senses chemicals to induce growth. Driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five possible outcomes of synaptogenesis? |
|
Definition
-Synapse Formation
-Synapse Stabilization
-Branch Formation
-Branch Stabilization
-Synapse Retraction |
|
|
Term
| Sequential Model of Synaptogenesis |
|
Definition
| Models suggests that axons go through a formation phase, involving exuberant elaboration and excess synaptogenesis followed by an elimination phase in which both synapses and axon branches are pruned. |
|
|
Term
| Concurrent Model of Synaptogenesis |
|
Definition
| Suggests that branch addition and synaptogenesis occur simultaneously with branch retraction and synapse elimination. |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of having regionally specific developmental trajectories? |
|
Definition
-Increased Plasticity
-Provides specialized regions and circuits for which the genesis and stability of connections over regions and development can change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capacity for immature systems to take on different functions as a result of experience. We are at our most plastic when we come out into the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of stimulation. Delays and impairs cognitive development. Deprivation studies alter ocular dominance columns. Studies investigating deprivation lead to theories about critical/sensitive periods in development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concerns how the brain is affected by the stimulation of its information processing provided by its surroundings (opportunity to interact). Brains in more stimulating environments have increased numbers of synapses and the dendrite arbors upon which they reside are more complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortical Patterning is the circuitry of the brain. It is important because 4 out of our 5 senses come in through the thalamus before reaching the cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Research on Functional Connectivity |
|
Definition
| Children have an immature network organization with more local connections and fewer distal connections. As we get older the number of distal circuits increase, which produces more consistent circuits - this gives us an extra degree of control over our abilities. |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Interactive Specialization |
|
Definition
| Nodes within networks that provide computations in unlimited combinations allow for potentially unlimited capacities. |
|
|
