Term
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Definition
"tabula rasa" or "blank slate"
Nurture--education matters
children learn behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
children are "pure and noble savages"
Nature--children are born inherently good |
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Term
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Definition
children have a "chimpanzee stage"
children evolve and change
childhood development is a process |
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Term
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Definition
studied intelligence through social environment vs. inborn
Terman--intelligence testing during eugenics movement, wanted to sterilize unintelligents (blacks) |
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Term
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Definition
children mature
studied what happens as children develop
development has a specific sequence |
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Term
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Definition
development that looks the same throughout life, simply gets larger
ex: starfish |
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Term
| discontinuous development |
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Definition
development with concrete jumps or stages in life
ex: larva to pupa to dragonfly |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of human development from conception to 18 years of age, includes the domains of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development |
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Term
| theory of universality of development |
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Definition
| the theory that development is the same everywhere |
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Term
| theory of diversity of development |
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Definition
| idea that culture/environment affect the rate of development |
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Term
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Definition
environmental agents that cause birth defects
ex: nutrition, stress, depression, drugs, diseases |
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Term
| Effect of nutrition on prenatal development |
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Definition
requires additional intake of calories
require Vitamin D to enhance bone growth
requires folic acid to prevent spina bifida |
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Term
| Effect of Stress on prenatal development |
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Definition
stress can cause a more active fetus
a more active fetus means a more active child |
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Term
| Effect of Depression on prenatal development |
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Definition
| depression may cause delayed development, less consistent sleep patterns |
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Term
| Effect of theliodomide on prenatal development |
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Definition
a prescription drug used to alleviate nausea during pregnancy
can cause developmental defects in child's limbs |
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Term
| Effect of diethylstilbrestrol (DES) on prenatal development |
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Definition
| prescription drug used to prevent miscarriages, caused infertility and cancer in mother |
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Term
| Effect of Tobacco on prenatal development |
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Definition
| smoking causes fetal growth restriction and other cognitive difficulties in children |
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Term
| Effect of Alcohol on prenatal development |
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Definition
alcohol can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) of Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
characterized by abnormal facial features, poor coordination, growth deficiencies, mental or functional problems, |
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Term
| Effect of Cocaine on prenatal development |
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Definition
| cocaine causes cognitive and developmental problems in children, often including learning disorders |
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Term
| Effect of Marijuana on prenatal development |
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Definition
| marijuana can cause lower intellectual performance or depression |
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Term
| Effect of Rubella on prenatal development |
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Definition
rubella is 3 day measles
disease can cause birth defects |
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Term
| Effect of AIDS on prenatal development |
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Definition
| a parent with AIDS is likely to pass HIV on to child |
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Term
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Definition
| a prenatal complication that causes high blood pressure, potentially deadly |
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Term
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Definition
| a model for the development of all subsequent periods: understanding how the developing organism can be affected by mother-to-be's health, habits, and lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
in prenatal development
from conception to attachment (8-10 days) |
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Term
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Definition
in prenatal development
from attachment to end of 8th week, when all major organs have taken primitive shape |
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Term
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Definition
in prenatal development
9th week (when bones begin to harden) to birth |
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Term
Fetal Sensory Capabilities
sensing motion |
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Definition
| fetuses have a sense of balance at 5 months |
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Term
Fetal Sensory Capabilities
vision |
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Definition
| fetuses respond to light at 6 months |
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Term
Fetal Sensory Capabilities
sound |
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Definition
fetuses respond to sound at 5-6 months
they can discriminate outside sounds, hear mother's voice |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke foot-->infant's toes curl in/fan out |
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Term
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Definition
| dropping/loss of support to back or neck or loud noises-->infant's arms extend and begins to cry |
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Term
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Definition
| put item against infant's palm-->they push on it |
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Term
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Definition
| touching infant's cheek-->infant turns head toward touch, typically searching for food |
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Term
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Definition
| put object in infant's mouth-->infant will suck in search of food |
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Term
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Definition
| touch infant's feet to ground while upright-->infant will move feet forward |
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Term
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Definition
| lay infant on stomach and touch toes-->infant's toes will curl under |
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Term
| visual abilities of newborn |
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Definition
| newborns are nearsighted, prefer face-like pictures, light/dark contrasts |
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Term
| auditory abilities of newborn |
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Definition
newborns prefer female voices, musical sounds
born with high functioning hearing
can distinguish between sounds by 1 month |
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Term
| taste and smell abilities of newborn |
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Definition
well developed at birth, can distinguish between sweet, salty, sour, and bitter
newborns dislike unpleasant odors
prefer breastmilk to formula |
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Term
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Definition
| input from all of our senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the organized view of the world that infants form based on information from our senses |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic responses triggered involuntarily by a specific, relatively localized stimulis |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of responding less and less to familiar stimuli to free up attention for novel ones |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid recovery of a response to a novel stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| when one stimulis comes to signal the occurrence of another stimulis |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual's behavior is modified by rewards or punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| infants can imitate observed behaviors and unusual expressions after demonstration |
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Term
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Definition
creeping: pulling oneself along with just arms, on belly
belly crawling: arms and legs move, belly on floor
bearcrawling: arms and legs move, butt in air |
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Term
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Definition
cruising: when babies walk by steadying self on furniture
first independent steps around 12 months |
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Term
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Definition
| infant's hands out, but not able to grasp hands |
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Term
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Definition
| reaching with increase in visual and motor abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| open hand before reaching object, closing hand right on time |
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Term
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Definition
SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome
occurs via suffocation, lack of reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
Piaget's theory
psychological structures that help us to organize experiences
change with age (at first are action-based using senses, as older moved to a mental/thinking level with expectations and knowing) |
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Term
| adaption in building schemas |
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Definition
| building schemas as you experience new environments |
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Term
| assimilation in building schemas |
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Definition
| using current schemas to interpret external world |
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Term
| accommodation in building schemas |
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Definition
| adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit current environment |
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Term
| primary circular reactions |
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Definition
reflex to common use
behaviors that center on infant's own body
something infants REPEAT for comfort, understanding
helps create a schema |
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Term
| secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
| behaviors that center on objects or other people |
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Term
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Definition
understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of reach of our senses
comes with mobility, creation of schemas
gained by 18 months (Piaget believes 6 months) |
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Term
| violation-of-expectation paradigm |
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Definition
| behavior pattern in which infants react with surprise to unexpected events |
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Term
| information processing theory |
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Definition
| an approach to cognitive development that emphasizes the flow of information through the mind, like a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget's theory, when assimilation and accommodation allow children to gradually achieve higher levels of cognitive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| coming to recognize and understand that a symbol is something within itself, and also stands for something other than itself |
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Term
| recognition vs. recall memory |
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Definition
recognition memory: being able to identify an object that you have seen previously-- "is this what I saw before?"
recall memory: being able to identify an object from before with no current hints-- "what did i see before?" |
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Term
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Definition
| encounter objects in pictures in different environments |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to the study of cognitive development that suggests that infants are born with some understanding about essential areas such as language, space, objects, and numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| a perspective on human development that emphasizes social and cultural factors in development |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon of two or more people directing their attention to the same object or person |
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Term
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Definition
| development that is considered typical or expected within a particular cultural group |
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Term
language development
behaviorist theory |
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Definition
children learn language through classical conditioning, through repeated pairings of objects and their labels.
children learn pronunciations and grammatical rules through operant conditioning, with repeated rewards for correct usage |
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Term
language development
nativist theory |
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Definition
| the idea that humans are born with an innate understanding of the fundamental structure of language |
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Term
| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| the hypothetical innate mental structure that allows learning of language to take place in all humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the use of language requires knowledge of abstract rules and that these rules are common to all languages |
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Term
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Definition
| part of brain associated with speech production |
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Term
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Definition
| part of brain associated with comprehension |
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Term
language development
social interactionist theory |
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Definition
the view that language develops as a social skill used for communication and social interactions
limitations--cannot account for categorical perception or grammatical understanding |
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Term
language development
connectionist theory |
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Definition
| the theory that linguistic development results from strengthening existing networks of neural connections in the brain |
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Term
language development
statistical learning |
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Definition
| learning the likelihood of one word/sound being followed by another, by noting the frequencies with which combinations actually occur |
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Term
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Definition
vocal behavior of infants involving repetition of vowel sounds
ex: aaaaaa/ooooo/eeeeee |
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Term
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Definition
vocal behavior involving repetition of consonant/vowel combinations
ex: bababa/dedede |
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Term
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Definition
| in early learning in English, children's tendency to learn many nouns among their earliest words |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of learning that emphasizes description of action words that object words such as names or nouns |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of learning that emphasizes description of action words that contain many verbs or pronouns |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of a word beyond its customary semantic boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the overly narrow use of a word |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid increase in word knowledge that often occurs around 18 months |
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Term
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Definition
| in young children, the ability to learn new words on the basis of very little input |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that words refer to whole objects, not to parts or properties of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that the name of an object applies to the object and related objects |
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Term
| mutual exclusivity assumption |
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Definition
| in early word learning, the assumption that words refer to separate and non overlapping categories, or that a given object has only one name |
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Term
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Definition
| two and three word utterances that typically contain content but not function words |
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Term
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Definition
| a mistake that reveals the child's growth in understanding of grammatical rules but not all the exceptions |
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Term
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Definition
a style of speaking, commonly used in speaking to infants and young kids
include slowed pace, reduced vocab, simplified sentences, exaggerated variations in pitch |
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Term
| emotional self-regulation |
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Definition
| the ability to modulate the intensity of one's own emotional reactions to people and events |
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Term
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Definition
stable individual characteristics in attention, activity, and strength of emotional reactions
innate differences in infants in how they respond to the world |
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Term
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Definition
| easy infants are generally happy, establish routines easily, and adapt quickly to change |
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Term
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Definition
| difficult infants show intense negative reactions, have difficult adjusting to routines, and resist change |
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Term
| slow-to-warm-up temperament |
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Definition
| these infants are relatively inactive, negative in mood, and adjust slowly to change |
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Term
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Definition
| a temperamental characteristic that involves negative reactivity to novel stimuli of all kinds |
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Term
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Definition
| the attributes that people believe characterize themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense of self as an actor or agent of action |
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Term
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Definition
the sense of self as an object of knowledge
for infants/young kids, involves their body characteristics and possessions; when older can involve beliefs, attitudes, and personal characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| looking in a mirror and understanding that you are seeing yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| a deep, enduring, and specific emotional bond formed between infants and their parents or other important caregivers in the first year of life |
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Term
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Definition
in Bowlby's theory, the earliest phase of infant attachment
from birth to 2 months |
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Term
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Definition
studied the mental health problems of British children who had been separated from parents during WWII
suggested that human infants are born with innate signaling abilities that draw adult caregivers to them |
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Term
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Definition
| in Bowlby's theory, infant behavior that has predictable outcome of increasing proximity between infant and attachment figure |
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Term
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Definition
in Bowlby's theory, the second phase of infant attachment in which infants begin to recognize caregivers and levels of responsiveness
from 2 to 7 months |
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Term
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Definition
in Bowlby's theory, the third phase of indant attachment in which and infant-parent bond has clearly been formed
from 7 to 24 months |
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Term
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Definition
| the infant or toddler's tendency to show anger or distress at being separated from attachment figure |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive representations of attachment figures that specify the extent to which such figures can be counted on in various situations |
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Term
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Definition
shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride
at first, need adult instruction about what/when to feel them |
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Term
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Definition
| studied activity levels and temperament |
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Term
| approach/positive children |
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Definition
| children who jump right into situations |
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Term
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Definition
| stand offish children who watch and learn before moving forward |
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Term
| negative emotionality children |
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Definition
children who are easily angered/frustrated
require structure |
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Term
| effort control/task persistance |
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Definition
| how willing one is to stick it out to success |
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Term
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Definition
interlocking pattern of behaviors between parent and infant
parents must work hard to create synchrony between themselves and child because they are cognitively capable |
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Term
| primary intersubjectivity |
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Definition
| pattern that starts to build when 2 individuals start to understand each other's emotions via body language |
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Term
| secondary intersubjectivity |
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Definition
| when patterns between 2 people start to build based on objects and events; like joint attention |
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Term
infant's attachment to parents
nonfocused orienting and signaling |
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Definition
| baby uses proximity promoting behaviors that bring people closer; asking for attention |
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Term
infant's attachment to parents
focus on one-or-more figures |
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Definition
| baby still doesn't have one person that is a "safe base" but has few primary people in "attachment posse" |
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Term
infant's attachment to parents
secure base behavior |
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Definition
| child is using "most important person" as a safe base from which to explore the world |
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Term
| social referencing via gaze following |
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Definition
| when a child checks to see if caregiver's reaction is positive or negative |
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Term
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Definition
| when an infant is only comforted by attachment figure, is nervous around strangers, takes cues from caregiver about strangers |
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Term
| insecure avoidant attachment |
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Definition
| when an infant ignores caregiver in reaction to caregiver's lack of interest; little comfort from caregiver or stranger |
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Term
| insecure ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| lack of attachment with "attachment figure," is able to be replaced by a stranger when needing comfort |
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