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Child Psych
Exam 3 Part 2
47
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/12/2012

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Cards

Term
What were the two types of change that Piaget described?
Definition
Adaptation
Organization
Term
Adaptation
Definition
o Assimilation: Incorporate new information into an existing schema
o Accommodation: Modify that schema to account for new information.
Term
Organization
Definition
o Knowledge gets organized into increasingly complex structures
o Extensive organization leads to new abilities that pass through stages
Term
What were the four stages of development that Piaget described?\
Definition
-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete Operational
-Formal Operational
Term
Sensorimotor
Definition
(birth until 1-1 ½ years): Sensory and motor actions, initially reflexes quickly differentiate by means of accommodation and coordinate to form adaptive ways of acting on the environment. Typical achievements and behaviors include sucking, grasping, etc.
Term
Preoperational
Definition
(1 ½-7 years): Symbols stand for or represent objects and events, butt communication and thought remain relatively inflexible.
Term
Concrete Operational
Definition
(7-11 years): Cognitive operations permit logical reasoning about concrete objects, events, and relationships.
Term
Formal Operational
Definition
(11 + years): Operations can be performed on operations. Thought becomes abstract, and all possible outcomes can be considered.
Term
What did Vygotsky see as the two most important contributors to development?
Definition
Vygotsky thought that social and cultural contributions were most important in influencing development.
Term
How do scaffolding and the zone of proximal development fit into Vygotsky’s theory?
Definition
Vygotsky said the scaffolding was important because it was a framework a caregiver could use to help a child develop in particular ways. The zone of proximal development is the difference between what the learner can do alone and what they can do with help.
Term
What were some of the elementary mental functions that Vygotsky acknowledged?
Definition
• Vygotsky acknowledged innate abilities
o Basic attention
o Perception
o Involuntary Memory
Term
What is a mediator in this theory and what are some examples from our society?
Definition
A mediator is a psychological tool that facilitates thinking and development such as symbols, language, mnemonics, writing, technology, and culture.
Term
According to information processing theory development involves increases in what?
Definition
• Development involves increases in:
o Capacity:
o Efficiency:
o Speed of processing:
Term
Capacity
Definition
How much information can be held
Term
Efficiency
Definition
The more efficiently information is processed the more likely it is to be stored.
Term
Speed of processing:
Definition
Faster processing
Term
According to information processing theory what are the three main forms of attention?
Definition
-Select
-Sustain
-Shift
Term
Select
Definition
Paying attention to certain things at the exclusion of others
Term
Sustain
Definition
In one direction and ingnore the rest of the stimulus coming in.
Term
Shift
Definition
Scan around the room and select something else to sustain to.
Term
What does the dynamic system suggest about the systems involved in development?
Definition
• Numerous systems active and interactive
o Interactions within and between domains
• Development proceeds through the interactions of many factors – both internal and external.
o Neural development, experience, cognitive abilities, motivation.
• Systems are self-organizing, forming coherent patterns within and between systems (nodes within networks)
• Capable of influencing
Term
What are some of the internal and external factors involved in development?
Definition
• Internal Factors:
o Neural development
o Cognitive abilities
o Motivation
• External Factors:
o Experiences
Term
How does the principle of self-organization account for patterning between systems?
Definition
• Systems are thought to be self-organizing based on their activity and experience
Term
Piaget
Definition
o Strong emphasis on controctivism, several stages
o Cognition directs language acquisition
Term
Vygotsky
Definition
o Soft nativist perspective followed by c, but no stages
o Language is key – plays powerful role in shaping thought
Term
Information Processing
Definition
o Most constructive – connections exist but all else is learned
o No stages – quantitative improvements in processing factors
Term
Arousal
Definition
Arousal leads to GENERAL increase in receptivity
Term
Attention
Definition
Attention leads to SELECTIVE increase in receptivity
Term
Which model task has been useful in studying attention and its development?
Definition
Spatial Orienting Task: Model task for measuring attention and alertness
Term
What is the subtractive technique and how is it useful in studying attention?
Definition
Based on the assumption that mental operations can be measured by decomposing complex covnitive taks in sequences of simpler tasks.
Term
What is a cost-benefit analysis and what does it measure in relation to attention?
Definition
The cost-benefit analysis is an infant version of the spatial orienting task. It studies the development of attention orienting and developing.
Term
What is inhibition of return and what are the two possible explanations for this result?
Definition
• The inhibition of return is that the baby will be slower or less likely to return to a snowman. Two possible explanations for the inhibition of return is either that the baby has a knowledge of location or an inhibitory mechanism!
Term
How many circuits have been implicated in relation to the components of attention?
Definition
10
Term
How do these circuits provide support for the nodes within networks perspective?
Definition
• Each circuit provides for a different component of attention in a different section of the brain.
Term
What are the three main aspects of cognitive control that we discussed?
Definition
-Alerting
-Orienting
-Executive
Term
Alerting
Definition
Respond to external stimuli
Term
Orienting
Definition
Bring the perceptual systems to bear on the stiumli
Term
Executive
Definition
Taking control, dealing with new or challenging/dangerous shit
Term
What is the A not B task and what does it teach us about development of control?
Definition
The A not B task involves a little baby and how they reach through the glass to get something under it and how they learn that the hole is in the back when they’re way older.
Term
Why is the notion of a prepotent tendency so important in thinking about control?
Definition
Prepotent Response is the tendency to reach straight for the toy. It shows us that the activation region of the brain is present but not the inhibition.
Term
What do we mean when we talk about conflict, in relation to control?
Definition
Different stimuli interfere with our ability to maintain attention
Term
What is the delay of gratification task and what did it teach us about control?
Definition
• Delay of gratification is a paradigm used to assess control on a longer time scale.
Term
What do the card sorting tasks teach us about control and the underlying mechanisms?
Definition
• They teach us that children need to represent rules hierarchically to play games correctly and that children have a hard time inhibiting their behavior once they learn a rule.
Term
• Recognition memory
Definition
Ability to identify whether a stimulus had previously been encountered.
Term
• Recall memory
Definition
Ability to reproduce stimuli that one had previously encountered
Term
• The Speed Processing Theory
Definition
Indicates how fast the thinker can execute the mental operations needed by the task at hand.
Term
What do we mean by cognitive flexibility and why does its development take so long?
Definition
• Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch between information based on task demands and internal goals.
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