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child psych 300
test 1 spring 2012 utk
90
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/13/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
This is an environment agent causing damage during the prenatal period:
Definition
Teratogen
Term
this disorder of severe malnutrition strikes after weaning as a result of a diet very low in protein
Definition
Kwashiorkor
Term
this theorist argued that parents are responsible for managing their child's sexual and developmental growth
Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term
on average how much weight is gained from birth to two years of age?
Definition
four times the birth weight
Term
this research design tests participants of different ages studied at the same time
Definition
cross sectional design
Term
what can you do to encourage healthy eating habits in your young child?
Definition
model good dietary practices
provide child with unpressured exposure to food
Term
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetically transmitted disorder that causes severe central nervous system damage that cannot metabolize ___ and is treated through diet.
Definition
Phenylalanine
Term
what pattern of transmission does PKU follow?
Definition
Recessive
Term
what kind of role does environment play on highly canalized behavior?
Definition
a small one; highly canalized = not effected by environment
Term
what is the best treatment for overweight obesity
Definition
family treatment
Term
these are visible body changes that signal sexual maturity
Definition
secondary sexual characteristics
Term
Bandura found that children who were modeled aggression displayed a __ in aggressive behavior compared with controls
Definition
increase
Term
who served as the model in the Bandura experiment?
Definition
Male/female researcher
Term
what does a correlation of -1.00 mean?
Definition
variables are completely related to one another (1.00)
their relationship is negative
Term
theorists emphasizing the role of __ stress the importance of change that is based on experience.
Definition
nurture
Term
how much prenatal Accutane exposure is required for it to act as a teratogen?
Definition
one dose
Term
during the period of the embryo these three layers form
Definition
Ectoderm (nervous system, skin)
Mesoderm (muscles, skeleton, circulatory system)
Endoderm (digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands)
Term
what leads adolescents to have greater trouble getting to bed early in the evening?
Definition
Phase delay: greater sensitivity to evening light
Term
what eating disorder is characterized by a binging and purging cycle?
Definition
Bulimia nervosa
Term
Growth Hormones is affected by emotional deprivation in what disorder
Definition
psychosocial dwarfism
Term
according to this theory development occurs within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment.
Definition
ecological systems theory
Term
this field of psychology emerged in challenge to psychoanalytical theories
Definition
behaviorism
Term
little Albert was ___ to fear white rats
Definition
(classically) conditioned
Term
Diethylstilbestrol was prescribed to prevent miscarriages. what effects did it have as a teratogen
Definition
cause reproductive problems in exposed fetuses
Term
what pubertal timing typically result in the best developmental outcome for girls and boys
Definition
girls: later
boys: earlier
Term
how can it be a positive thing to a carrier of the sickle cell anemia gene in Africa
Definition
protects from malaria
Term
how does motor development occur according to the dynamic system of action theory?
Definition
integrate present skills into new more complex skills
Term
how do sensitive periods play a role in the impact of teratogen exposure?
Definition
based on when the teratogen exposure occurs in prenatal development different aspects of development may be more sensitive to its effects
Term
what are 2 uses of theories?
Definition
direct attention
give meaning
provide understanding
guide action
Term
what is lanugo?
Definition
white, downy hair
helps the vernix to stick to the skin
Term
what does the vernix do?
Definition
protects the skin from chapping
Term
according to Piaget's cognitive development theory how do children learn?
Definition
construct knowledge through interactions with their environment
do not need reinforcement
Term
how have attitudes toward adolescent sexuality changed over the past 40 years? why?
Definition
past 40:more liberal, more accepting of sex within committed relationships
past 10: more conservative cause of STDs
Term
what growth trend refers to growth of the head before arms and trunk?
Definition
Cephalocaudal trend
Term
what does it mean to inherit homozygous alleles? heterozygous alleles?
Definition
homozygous: identical from each parent
heterozygous: differ between parents
Term
where are alleles found?
Definition
chromosomes
Term
name three psychological measures safe to use with children of all ages
Definition
heart rate, EEG, ERP, MRI, NIRS
Term
in this stage of the psychosexual theory children battle with Oedipus and Electra complexes.
Definition
phallic stage
Term
what develops as a result of conflicts in the phallic stage?
Definition
superego
Term
this maternal disease, Rubella, can act as a teratogen and is most harmful when prenatal exposure occurs during what stage of development
Definition
embryonic period
Term
according to Freud's psychosexual theory this aspect of personality is the first level of personality development
Definition
the id
Term
what chance do offspring have of contracting a dominant genetic disorder, present in one parent?
Definition
50%
Term
what is a common control for observer bias
Definition
blind observation
Term
this research design provides insights into how change occurs based on intense study of participants moment by moment behaviors.
Definition
microgenetic
Term
what hormone is released by the thyroid gland and aids growth hormones?
Definition
thyroxine
Term
what is the dominant cerebral hemisphere for nearly all right handers?
Definition
left hemisphere
Term
the discovery of what phenomenon led Konrad Lorenz to propose the existence of critical period in development? why?
Definition
imprinting
unless imprinting occurred within a brief time frame after birth, it never occurred
Term
why is preventing the transmission of aids from mother to baby so difficult in developing countries?
Definition
access to drugs
access to medical care
lack of diagnosis in mother
Term
what is a benefit to naturalistic observation that is not seen in structured observation?
Definition
observe everyday behavior
Term
what is the embryonic disk?
Definition
the inner cells of the blastocyst of the forming organism
Term
what else makes up the blastocyst
Definition
the trophoblast (outer cells, protective covering)
Term
how theories of continuous development are different from the theories of discontinuous development?
Definition
continuous: process of gradually adding onto already present skills
discontinuous: process where new skills emerge at specific time
Term
what secular trend has been seen regarding physical growth over the past 150 years?
Definition
grow taller and heavier in industrialized countries
Term
why are males affected by x-linked disorders than females?
Definition
females are protected by their 2nd x chromosome
Term
theorists emphasizing the role of ___ stress stability theory
Definition
nature
Term
this nutritional supplement significantly reduces the risk of spinal column risk for spina bifida and anencephaly
Definition
folic acid
Term
what is behavior modification
Definition
it combines conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
Term
under what theory perspective does Bandura emphasize behavior modification?
Definition
social learning theory
Term
this a protective membrane that protects the mother and the baby's blood from mixing?
Definition
Placenta
Term
what is the purpose of behavioral genetics?
Definition
to use genetics to examine the role of nature and nurture in development
Term
who are behavioral geneticists most interested in studying
Definition
twins (MZ, DZ, raised together, raised apart
Term
what fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is characterized by impairment in brain functioning but not facial abnormalities?
Definition
alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND)
Term
what is a disadvantage seen when using any self-report method?
Definition
inaccuracies
Term
in the first conflict of the psychosocial theory trust versus mistrust what impacts conflict resolution?
Definition
parental care
trust = warm responsive care
mistrust = abuse, neglect
Term
this system within the ecological systems theory include the individual and their immediate surrounding
Definition
microsystem
Term
what system is used to describe changes that occur over time?
Definition
chronosystem
Term
the superego is also known as what part of our personality
Definition
conscience
Term
risk of this genetic disorder increase is the maternal age
Definition
down syndrome
Term
what is the most common cause of down syndrome?
Definition
failure of the 21st pair of chromosome to separate during meiosis
Term
this measures relationship between physiological processes and behavior
Definition
Psychophysiological measures
Term
what serves as inputs and output according to information processing theories
Definition
input = sensory information
output = behavioral response
Term
this environment pollutant can act as a teratogen
Definition
lead
Term
what is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation?
Definition
fragile x syndrome
Term
what brain structure is regulated by the hypothalamus and is important to the secretion of growth hormones?
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
what is the age of viability? when is it seen?
Definition
age at which baby can first survive birth
22-26 weeks gestational age
Term
how field experiments are different from natural experiments?
Definition
field: use random assignment in natural settings
natural: compare differences that already exist
Term
name the term that is described as the effect of an observer on the participants behavior
Definition
observer bias
Term
what does incomplete dominance mean?
Definition
both alleles are expressed, resulting in an intermediate trait
Term
DeCasper and Spence found that after prenatal exposure to a story, newborn infants would suck differently to it versus another story. what does this mean?
Definition
prenatal experience affected postnatal preferences
they learned to recognize the preferred the family story
Term
what pattern of transmission does the genetic disorder hemophilia follow?
Definition
x-linked recessive
Term
describe risks associated with hemophilia
Definition
blood fails to clot normally which can result in severe internal bleeding
Term
what is a legal drug that can lead to withdrawal in newborns (with heavy use)?
Definition
caffeine
Term
how does catch-up growth provide support for the role of heredity in physical growth?
Definition
after short term negative influence growth catches up to where it would have been without those influences
Term
which sex is first to hit growth spurt in adolescence
Definition
females
Term
what leads to improved nutrition in adolescence
Definition
family meals
Term
what are 2 common benefits of participation in organized youth sports
Definition
increased self-esteem
increased social competence
Term
what is an active gene environment correlation
Definition
when individuals seek environments that suit genetic make-up
Term
deficiency of this nutritional supplement is a common cause of mental retardation in developing countries
Definition
iodine
Term
this research method utilizes multiple measures to create a complete picture of an individual's functioning
Definition
case study
Term
what is experience dependent brain growth?
Definition
unique brain growth based on learning experiences specific to the individual
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