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Child PSY 2105-Ch 14: Moral Development
Theories of Moral Development; Moral Reasoning; Prosocial Behaviour; Aggression
25
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/29/2010

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Term
Moral Dilemmas
Definition
Stories used by Piaget and others to assess children’s levels of moral reasoning.
Term
Moral realism
Definition
Piaget’s second stage of moral development, in which children’s reasoning is based on objective and physical aspects of a situation and is often inflexible.
Term
Immanent Justice
Definition
Literally, inherent justice; refers to the expectation of children in Piaget’s stage of moral realism that punishment must follow any role violation, including those that appear to go undetected.
Term
Moral relativism
Definition
Piaget’s 3rd stage of moral development, in which children view rules as agreements that can be altered and consider people’s motives or intentions when evaluating their moral conduct.
Term
Preconventional level of moral development:
Definition
Kohlberg’s first two stages of moral development. Moral reasoning is based on the assumption that individuals must serve their own needs.
Term
Conventional level of moral development:
Definition
Kohlberg’s third and fourth stages of moral development. Moral reasoning is based on the view that a social system must be based on laws and regulations.
Term
Postconventional level of moral development:
Definition
Kohlberg’s final stages of moral development. Moral reasoning is based on the assumption that the value, dignity, and rights of each individual person must be maintained.
Term
Social conventions
Definition
Rules used by a society to govern everyday behaviour and maintain order.
Term
Paradox of altruism
Definition
The logical dilemma faced by ethological theorists who try to reconcile self-sacrificial behaviour with the concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest.
Term
Kin selection
Definition
A proposed mechanism by which an individual’s altruistic behaviour toward kin increases the likelihood of the survival of genes similar to those of the individual.
Term
Reciprocal altruism
Definition
A proposed mechanism by which an individual’s altruistic behaviour toward members of the social group may promote the survival of the individual’s genes, through reciprocation by others, or may ensure the survival of similar genes.
Term
Dominance hierarchy
Definition
A structured social group in which members higher on the dominance ladder control those who are lower, initially through aggression and conflict, but eventually simply through threats.
Term
Prosocial behaviour
Definition
The aspect of moral conduct that includes socially desirable behaviours, such as sharing, helping, and cooperating; often used interchangeably with altruism by modern researchers.
Term
Empathy
Definition
The ability to vicariously experience another’s emotional state or condition.
Term
Sympathy
Definition
The feeling of concern for another in reaction to other’s situation or emotional state without necessarily sharing the same emotion.
Term
Peacemaking
Definition
A friendly postconflict reunion between former opponents, often characterized by invitations to play, hugs, apologies, object sharing, and silliness.
Term
Aggression
Definition
Behaviour that is intended to cause harm to persons or property and that is not socially justifiable.
Term
Hostile (retaliatory) aggression
Definition
Aggression whose purpose is to cause pain or injury.
Term
Instrumental aggression
Definition
Aggression whose purpose is to obtain something desired.
Term
Relational aggression
Definition
Aggression designed to damage or disrupt social relationships.
Term
Coercive family process
Definition
Gerald Patterson’s term for the method by which some families control one another through aggression and other coercive means.
Term
Displaced aggression
Definition
Retaliatory aggression directed at a person or object other than the one against whom retaliation is desired.
Term
Catharsis
Definition
The psychoanalytic belief that the likelihood of aggression can be reduced by viewing aggression or by engaging in high-energy behaviour.
Term
Piaget: Stage 1
Moral Development
Definition
Age: 2-4 yrs: children have no real conception of morality. Much of their behaviour involves games or imaginary play, with no formal rules; however, they may invent certain restrictions as part of play.
Term
Piaget: Stage 4
Moral Development
Definition
Age: begins about 12 yrs: Children become capable of developing new rules as circumstances require. They begin to extend their moral reasoning beyond their personal level to larger societal and political concerns.
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