Term
|
Definition
| An approach to the study of intelligence that emphasized the use of standardized tests to identify individual differences among people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The consistency or repeatability of a measuring instrument. A necessary property of a standardized test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The accuracy with which a measuring instrument assesses the attribute it is designed to measure. A necessary property of a standardized test. |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchical model of Intelligence |
|
Definition
| A model of the structure of intelligence in which intellectual abilities are seen as being organized hierarchically, with broad, general abilities at the top of the hierarchy and more specific skills nested underneath. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proportion of variance in a trait (such as IQ) that can be attributed to genetic variance in the sample being studied. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase over time in the average level of performance on IQ tests. |
|
|
Term
| HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) |
|
Definition
| An instrument for assessing the quality of the early home dimensions such as maternal involvement and variety of play materials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separation of students into groups of similar ability for purposes of instruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree to which environmental circumstances match the capabilities and the needs o the child at particular points during development. |
|
|
Term
| Cultural compatibility hypothesis |
|
Definition
| The hypothesis that schooling will be most effective when methods of instruction are compatible with the child’s cultural background. |
|
|
Term
| Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA) |
|
Definition
| The environment that produced a species’ evolved tendencies. |
|
|
Term
| Biological primary abilities |
|
Definition
| Evolved abilities shaped by natural selection to solve recurring problems faced by ancestral humans. |
|
|
Term
| Biologically secondary abilities |
|
Definition
| Non-evolved abilities that co-opt primary abilities for purposes other than the original evolution-based function and appear only in specific cultural contexts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method of assessing children’s abilities derived from Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development. Measures the child’s ability to benefit from adult-provided assistance, typically in a test-train-retest design. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of thinking whose goal is to discover the correct answer to problems with a definite solution—the form of thought emphasized on IQ tests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of thinking whose goal is to generate multiple possible solutions for problems that do not have a single correct answer—the form of thought hypothesized to be important for creativity. |
|
|
Term
| Two-factor theory of intelligence |
|
Definition
| Charles Spearman’s proposal that there are 2 factors to intelligence: 1) general intelligence (g) and 2) specific abilities (s). This proposal came from the consistently positive correlations across measures of intelligence. |
|
|
Term
| In 2-factor theory: general intelligence (g): |
|
Definition
| The factor first factor of intelligence, in Spearman’s view, which permeates every form of intellectual functioning and is the most important determinant of individual differences on any test of intelligence. |
|
|
Term
| In 2-factor theory: 2) specific abilities (s) |
|
Definition
| The second factor of intelligence, in Spearman’s view, that contribute to performance on particular tasks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General intelligence: g is assumed to determine performance on a wide range of intellectual measures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extra pressure people feel in situations in which their performance may confirm a negative stereotyped held about their group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innate problem solving ability, relatively free from cultural influences. |
|
|
Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
|
Definition
| Acquired knowledge dependent on schooling and other life experiences. |
|
|
