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Child Language Acquisition (speech) - key terms
Key terms from AQA A2 English Language
32
English
12th Grade
05/29/2013

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Term
Language Acquisition Device
Definition
The brain's inbuilt capacity to acquire language (Noam Chomsky)
Term
Universal Grammar
Definition
All languages share the principles of grammar despite surface differences such as lexis or phonology (Noam Chomsky)
Term
Phonemic Expansion
Definition
The variety of sounds increase (for example, children move from cooing to babbling)
Term
Phonemic contraction
Definition
The variety of sounds is reduced to the sounds of the main language used
Term
Consonant
Definition
A speech sounds that is produced when the vocal tract is blocked or restricted so that there is audible friction
Term
Vowel
Definition
A sound made without closure or audible friction
Term
Diphthong vowel
Definition
A vowel in which there is a perceptible change in quality during a syllable
Term
Proto-word
Definition
an invented word that has a consistent meaning
Term
Holophrase
Definition
A single word expressing a whole idea (for example a child saying 'sit' to mean 'come and sit with me'
Term
Vocative
Definition
A form (especially a noun)used to address a person (for example, mummy)
Term
Content word
Definition
A type of word that has an independent 'dictionary' meaning, also called a lexical word
Term
Function word
Definition
A word whose role is largely or wholly to express a grammatical relationship (For exaple, 'and' or 'the'
Term
Social interactionists
Definition
Those who believe that child language develops through social interaction with carers
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
when an behaviour is rewarded, including verbal praise to encourage this behaviour being repeated (links to behaviourist theory)
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
When an undesirable behaviour is unrewarded or admonished to encourage the child not to repeat it (links to behaviourist theory)
Term
Behaviorists
Definition
Those who believe that language is acquired through imitation and reinforcement
Term
Inflectional morphology
Definition
The alteration of words to make new grammatical forms
Term
Derivational morphology
Definition
Creation of new words by adding prefixes and suffixes
Term
Diexis
Definition
Lexical items that 'point' towards something and place words in contexts (for example, 'I want that spoon)
Term
Free morpheme
Definition
One that can stand alone as an independent word (for example, apple)
Term
Bound morpheme
Definition
One that cannot stand alone as an independent word but must be attached to another morpheme/word (for example, the 'er' in 'greener' is bound to 'green'
Term
Cognitive theorists
Definition
Those who believe that language acquisition is part of a wider development of understanding
Term
Virtuous error
Definition
syntactic errors made by young children in which a non-standard utterance reveals some understanding, though incomplete, of standard syntax (for example, saying 'runned' instead of 'ran' shows the child understands that 'ed' is often used to put a word into past tense)
Term
Over-generalisation
Definition
An learner's extension of a word meaning or grammatical rule beyond its normal use
Term
Egocentric speech
Definition
The running discourse style of speech used by children where no listener is directly addressed and he talk is focused on the child's activities
Term
Child Directed Speech (CDS)
Definition
Any of the various speech patterns used by parents or carers when communication with young children, particuarly infants, usually involving simplified vocabulary, sing-song pitch, repetitive questioning and slow or deliberate tempo
Term
Expansion
Definition
The development of a child's utterance into a longer, more meaningful form
Term
Recast
Definition
The commenting on, extending and rephrasing of a child's utterance (for example ('can I has biscuit?' to 'May I have a biscuit?')
Term
LASS (Language Acquisition Support System)
Definition
This refers to the child's interaction with adults around them and how this supports language development
Term
Object permanence
Definition
The awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
The process of transferring a skill from adult to child and then withdrawing the support once it has been mastered
Term
Nativists
Definition
Those who believe that humans have the inbuilt capacity to acquire language
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