Term
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Definition
An increase in the number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins
Results in increased size and weight of the whole or any of its parts |
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Term
| What is percentile of growth? |
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Definition
A statistical representation of 100 children and placement within the 100 members of a comparison group
An example is the 50th percentile for height and weight. |
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Term
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Definition
A gradual change and expansion
Advancement from a lower to a more advanced stage of complexity
Increased capacity through growth, maturation, and learning |
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Term
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Definition
An increase in competence and adaptability
A qualitative change
Functioning at a higher level |
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Term
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Definition
A process of systematically modifying and altering
Trends are from simple to more complex |
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Term
| What are patterns of growth? |
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Definition
Continuous
Orderly
Progressive |
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Term
| What are the directional trends of growth? |
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Definition
Cephalocaudal (from head to tail)
Proximodistal (from midline to periphery)
Trends are bilateral and appear symmetric
Simple to complex |
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Term
| What are the sequential trends of growth? |
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Definition
Definite, predictable sequence
Sequential trends include crawling before walking and scribbling before learning to write |
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Term
| What is developmental pace? |
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Definition
Periods of accelerated and decelerated growth
Does not occur in all areas at the same pace
Once a skill has been achieved, the focus will shift to another area |
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Term
| What is a sensitive period? |
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Definition
| Susceptibility is based on a positive or negative influence when interacting with the environment |
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Term
| What is the most rapid period of growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the growth rate slow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 periods of growth? |
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Definition
-Infancy
-Preschool to Puberty
-Puberty
-Postpuberty |
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Term
| When is there a decline in the rate of growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors influence growth? |
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Definition
-Heredity
-Nutrition
-Gender
-Disease
-Environment |
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Term
| How does heredity influence growth? |
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Definition
| Heredity influences physical growth potential (e.g., height, weight, body shape, and features). |
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Term
| How does nutrition influence growth? |
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Definition
| Nutrition is the single largest influence on growth. Severe malnutrition during critical periods of development (e.g., from birth to age 6 months) is positively correlated with diminished height, weight, and IQ in later life. |
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Term
| How does gender influence growth? |
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Definition
| Gender has a bearing on growth rates; different growth charts; the onset of puberty and full adult size are attained earlier in girls. |
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Term
| how do diseases effect growth? |
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Definition
| Diseases and disorders such as skeletal disorders may affect growth (e.g., dwarfism, chromosome anomalies, disorders of metabolism, and poor absorption of nutrients). Chronic disease may lead to chronic (even subacute) hypoxia, resulting in small build, short stature, and poor growth patterns (e.g., cystic fibrosis, respiratory diseases, and cardiac lesions). |
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Term
| How do environmental influences effect growth? |
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Definition
| carcinogens, such as those encountered in the Love Canal and Chernobyl disasters, chemicals, and radiation. An unsafe environment may result in injuries. Even passive inhalation of tobacco smoke may cause lung disease. Polluted water, air, and food are harmful to growth. |
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Term
| How do socioeconomic factors influence growth? |
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Definition
| A higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a healthier overall status. The availability of good nutrition, especially protein sources, is a positive factor. A hazardous environment (e.g., an unsafe neighborhood) is obviously detrimental. The influence of education is difficult to quantify but affects health outcomes at some level. |
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Term
| How does weather/seasons influence growth? |
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Definition
| climate, and oxygen level may influence growth. Children appear to grow in height faster in the spring and summer and gain weight in the fall and winter. It is not clear whether this is related to hormonal factors or the amount of activity. A sunny climate may lead to ultraviolet damage to the skin and eyes. Chronic hypoxia may cause children who live at high altitudes to be generally smaller than those who live at lower altitudes |
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Term
| What are prenatal influences? |
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Definition
| passive smoke inhalation, exposure to alcohol, prescription drugs, and illicit drugs, and poor maternal nutrition. These factors may be associated with poor weight gain during pregnancy and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Prematurity is a major influence on neonatal and infant development. |
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Term
| Using Erikson’s developmental theory, if a child age 3 to 6 years does not achieve a sense of initiative, which of the following may result? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of spiritual development? |
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Definition
Stage 0: Undifferentiated
Stage 1: Intuitive–projective
Stage 2: Mythical–literal
Stage 3: Synthetic–convention
Stage 4: Individuating–reflexive |
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Term
| How does play influence development? |
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Definition
Children can learn through play what adults are unable to teach them
Learn about their world and how they deal with and operate within their environment
Play should follow a directional trend of simple to complex |
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Term
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Definition
Socialization
Creativity
Self-awareness
Moral standards |
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Term
| How does play change as the participant ages? |
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Definition
Onlooker
Solitary
Parallel
Associative
Cooperative |
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