Term
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Definition
| A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols. |
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Term
| Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
| Chomsky’s term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Orderly way of looking at language |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence of language acquisition |
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Definition
| Deaf kids born to parents able to hear are able to show gestures not learned from parent's signing. |
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Term
| Critical period of learning (Eric Lindbergh) |
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Definition
| 1st language must be acquired by 18 months to Puberty, preschool is the best time to learn language. |
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Term
| 13 year old Genie from Arcadia |
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Definition
| Locked up in house for years, neglectful parents. Never developed language during critical period, only able to speak in 1-2 word utterances, mangled sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lived alone in the forest for 6 years, never able to fully develop language. |
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Term
| Critical period for Second Language Acquisition |
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Definition
| Age 5, up to 12 years old to learn without an accent. |
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Term
| Critics of critical period of second language acquisition |
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Definition
| Says evidence of no critical period comes from adults who apply themselves can learn a second language perfectly without accent. |
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Term
| Behavioral View Vs. Chomsky |
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Definition
| Language is just a behavior vs. Language indicates order of words, not reinforcement of positive and negative. Behavioral view is incorrect. |
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Term
| Motherese (Social Supports) |
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Definition
| Parentese, child directed speech |
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Term
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Definition
| "Uh huh" is not helpful. Better to repeat what the child says, affirm if correct or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| when speaking to child, Include more details, like actions and traits, to teach more words to the child naturally. |
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Term
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Definition
| When speaking to child, add even more descriptive details, such as adjectives to describe traits, leads to learning more words. |
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Term
| Necessity of cognition for language development (Piaget) |
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Definition
| Cognition is necessary for language. You think before you speak. |
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Term
| Necessity of cognition for language development (Vygotsky) |
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Definition
| Cognition is not necessary for language. Thinking and Speaking develops separately. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder where the person can display expressive verbal skills while using unusual words, but have a low IQ of 49. Proves Vygotsky was right, Thinking and Speech development are independent of each other. |
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Term
| Cooing (Infant Language Development) |
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Definition
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Term
| Babbling (Infant Language Development) |
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Definition
| Occurs 3-6 Months old. Biological development - All babies |
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Term
| Holophrase (Infant Language Development) |
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Definition
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Term
| Telegraphic (Infant Language Development) |
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Definition
| 2-3 word utterances "mommy! Milk!" |
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Term
| Overextension (Infant Language Development): |
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Definition
| Generalizes a word for all with same characteristics - "Dada" = all men |
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Term
| 1975 Bi-lingual education Civil Rights Act |
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Definition
| Mandated bilingual "parents" to teach own language to kids outside of school. Repealed in California 1998 |
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Term
| Reasons why bi-lingual education act didn't work in California |
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Definition
| Students didn't learn through immersion, too many different cultures in California. |
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Term
| Reasons why bi-lingual education worked in Texas |
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Definition
| Equal teaching of Spanish and English to all students in Texas. Immersion |
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Term
| Children who come to America ages 6-8 or earlier |
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Definition
| end up not as proficient in native language. |
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Term
| Difference between true bi-lingual countries and U.S. |
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Definition
| Countries like Canada and Switzerland have children who scored better on intelligence tests than children in U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive representation of the self |
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Term
| Personal Memories (3 facets of the self) |
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Definition
| Events that happen in life |
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Term
| Representations (3 facets of the self) |
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Definition
| Actual self vs. ideal self |
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Term
| Theories of the self (3 facets of the self): |
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Definition
| Referring past selves, "I used to be this, now I'm that" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Infant (Self Recognition) |
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Definition
| With a mirror, an 18 month old baby should be able to distinguish a red dot placed on his/her nose as different from normal. |
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Term
| Early Childhood Ages 5-7 (Self Recognition) |
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Definition
| Refers to the active and physical self. "I am a boy" or "I have a bike" |
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Term
| Elementary School (Self Recognition) |
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Definition
| Refers to self while knowing the difference between inner and outer self. "I am smart & popular". No Centration, can solve conservation problem, utilizes classification, can compare themselves to other people. Piaget's Concrete Operations |
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Term
| Adolescence (Self Recognition) |
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Definition
| Abstract & Idealistic - able to distinguish between the real and ideal self, "I am pretty good looking, I want to be a model, but I have to work to get there. Contradictions with self - Inconsistent, recognizes contradictions. |
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Term
| Carl Rogers real vs. ideal self |
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Definition
| Who you are know vs who you hope to become someday. If real self can't live up to the ideal self, too far apart, can cause maladjustment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Who you are vs. who you aren't, but want to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| The false self tends to be portrayed in dating with adolescents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents engage in comparisons, but are too embarrassed to admit engaging in comparisons. Always comparing to see who is better. |
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Term
| People who identify with True Self |
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Definition
| have a good connection with caregiver, receives unconditional love |
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Term
| People who identify with False Self |
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Definition
| had bad connection with caregiver. Love is conditional based on the expectations to be met. |
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Term
| Erikson's Idea of Identity |
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Definition
| Adolescence is a psychosocial moratorium gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. It is important to establish an identity during adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| If identity formation is unsuccessful by adolescence, depression, withdrawal, increased conformity, and suicidal thoughts may occur. |
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Term
| Identity Achievement (Marcia's 4 identity statuses) |
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Definition
| "How far am I going? and How do I get there?" Result of Authoritative Parenting. |
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Term
| Identity Foreclosure (Marcia's 4 identity statuses) |
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Definition
| makes a commitment prematurely, forecloses on other opportunities in identity. Result of Authoritarian Parenting. |
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Term
| Identity Moratorium (Marcia's 4 identity statuses) |
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Definition
| Knows there identity is in crisis, but makes a delayed commitment. Result of a authoritative parent. |
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Term
| Identity Diffusion (Marcia's 4 identity statuses) |
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Definition
| Judges people's indecision while not having an identity themselves. Result of a neglectful parent. |
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Term
| Criticism of Marcia's Statuses |
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Definition
| Some people don't encounter these problems until during college. |
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Term
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Definition
| on going aspect of self, includes the membership in an ethnic group and feelings related to that membership. It is better to associate with your own ethnic identity because it offers a sense of belonging. |
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Term
| Asian American Identity (Phinney's Study) |
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Definition
| Identity is achieving academically |
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Term
| African American Identity (Phinney's Study) |
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Definition
| Identity from issues over job security |
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Term
| Latino American Identity (Phinney's Study) |
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Definition
| Identity from issues with conflicts with own culture and popular culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to favor one's group over others, thinks ethnicity is superior which leads to hostility towards others. |
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Term
| Female Ethics of care (Carol Gilligan) |
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Definition
| Says women always has intimacy, men are separated from their mothers and that's why men are less intimate. Women are concerned about the care for others, but women need to lean to factor themselves into the equation. |
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Term
| Gilligan's criticism of past theorists |
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Definition
| Felt that theorists like Piaget, Freud, Erikson all had gender bias. Freud talks about females having penis envy. Erikson says men are career oriented while women stay at home and nurture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The biological idea of male or female, Acquired at 3 years old |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially and culturally conditioned expectations of being a certain type of male or female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops Testes, which product testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops female parts (ovaries, breasts) and regulates menstruation. |
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Term
| Freud's idea of gender identity |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson's idea of gender identity |
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Definition
| "Identity first, then intimacy" |
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Term
| Gender Expectations of gender |
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Definition
| male children preferred in 1970 |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic view of gender |
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Definition
| boys need to separate from mothers, identify with father, and develop oedipus complex. |
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Term
| Criticism of Psychoanalytic view of gender |
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Definition
| Says gender occurs before 5 or 6 years old. Masculine and Feminine development occurs even when same sex parent is not present. Social learning theory says more condition modeling. |
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Term
| Cognitive Development Theory |
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Definition
| Developed by Kohlberg, says at pre-6 years old, gender is not constant, could engage in male or female activities. Gender constancy develops at age 6 & 7, where the child feels that they will never going to change sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed at age 6-7, thinks they will never change sex. Boys will do boy things and girls will do girl things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitively developed. Gender typing occurs because of cognitive structure (schema) when children are ready to organize for male or female. |
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Term
| Gender Stereotypes in different countries |
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Definition
| Highly industrialized countries have more similar gender role stereotypes, than in 3rd world countries, where gender roles are more separate. |
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Term
| Socioemotional characteristics of women |
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Definition
| Rapport talk, just want you to listen to them talk. More verbally aggressive, develops gradually over time. More likely to express their emotions openly and intensely, displaying sadness and fear. Better at reading emotions openly and intensely and more likely to show empathy. |
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Term
| Socioemotional characteristics of men |
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Definition
| Report talk, wants to come up with a solution. Aggression at 2 years old, more physically aggressive. Usually shows less self-regulation of emotion, and this lower level of self-control can translate into behavioral problems. |
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Term
| Biological difference in females |
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Definition
| Estrogen strengthens immune system. |
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Term
| Biological difference in males |
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Definition
| Testosterone creates heart problems, produces high density lipoproteins that clog arteries. |
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Term
| Gender Role Classification of Males |
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Definition
| Instrumental, goal oriented, works to take care of the family. |
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Term
| Gender Role Classification of Females |
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Definition
| Expressive, warm and nurturing. Take care of the home. |
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Term
| Period of Androgeny in male and females |
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Definition
| Mature adolescence, carry both male and female psychosocial stereotypes, both instrumental and expressive. Such as in Sweden and U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not high on neither masculine nor feminine traits. |
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Term
| Gender Role Transcendance |
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Definition
| Says androgeny is not a panacea, females says gender role is not trancendant because there is still no equality in the work place or in society. |
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Term
| Preconventional state (ethics of care) |
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Definition
| Survival, backs against the wall, do whatever it takes to survive. |
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Term
| Conventional state (ethics of care) |
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Definition
| Caretaker, care for others, not thinking about themselves. |
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Term
| Postconventional state (ethics of care) |
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Definition
| Factoring yourself when dealing with care of others, leads to being truthful with oneself. Should not put others first, always factor yourself in to the equation. |
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Term
| Male Issues (Herb Goldberg) |
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Definition
| Men are killing themselves by trying to be true men. There's nothing wrong with impotency. It is okay to support the liberation of women, but don't be a servant to women. Must develop more male friendships and have male bonding. |
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Term
| Males Issues (Robert Bly) |
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Definition
| Since the industrial revolution, men have become too soft because more single mothers taking care of children, lack of a male influence, bonding with mother more. He had men go out to the forest and bang on drums around a fire to bond together. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Making babies is no act of manhood." |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in thoughts, feelings, & behavior regarding standards of right and wrong. |
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Term
| Heteronomous morality (Piaget) |
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Definition
| Ages 4-7, Ideas of rigid, justice and rules from the outside. Must follow rules, can't break the rules! |
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Term
| Autonomous morality (Piaget) |
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Definition
| Ages 10- and up, Ideas of rules and laws being created by people where intentions of actions are factored in and witnesses can charge punishment. Flexible on the rules based on the situation. |
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Term
| Pre-conventional Morality (Kohlburg) |
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Definition
| Stage 1, Ideas of punishment and ordinance. Individualism and purpose leads to positive reinforcement and self interest. Not internalized morality. |
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Term
| Conventional Morality (Kohlburg) |
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Definition
| Stage 2, the stage of reasoning. Wanting to be a good boy or good girl. Morality in the social system, don't want chaos, makes sacrifices to maintain order. Partially internalized morality. |
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Term
| Post Conventional Morality (Kohlburg) |
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Definition
| Stage 3, Thoughts of whether a law or rule is a good law. Makes choices, has opinions, and values justice. Judges whether a good or corrupt law. Universal Ethics Principle, begin to act on conscience rather than only the law. Internalized morality. |
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Term
| Criticisms of Kohlburg's Moral Development |
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Definition
| Too focused on thought rather than behavior. The truth is people may talk about morals, but they may never act upon them. Too Optimistic. Also, the ideas of moral is culturally biased because there are other ways of looking at morality outside of the western world. |
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Term
| Carol Gilligan Ethics of Care & women's morality |
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Definition
| Kohlburg, Piaget, Freud, Erikson has male biases about morality. She says Freud's idea that identity comes before intimacy is wrong when it comes to women, it is intimacy first, then morality. |
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Term
| Survival Stage in Moral Development (Gilligan) |
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Definition
| First stage in moral development, the focus is on the primary concern for oneself. |
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Term
| Goodness Stage in Moral Development (Gilligan) |
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Definition
| The second, care taking stage, Equivalent to the conventional stage of morality, self sacrifice happens here. |
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Term
| Truth Stage in Moral Development (Gilligan) |
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Definition
| The last stage, where a female learns to care for self as well as others, equivalent to the Post-conventional stage. |
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Term
| Social Learning Theory on Morality |
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Definition
| Morality is relative, no such thing as total morality. Given the situation, anyone could do immoral things, such as cheat, etc. |
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Term
| Super Ego on moral development (Freud) |
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Definition
| According to Freud, children fear losing their parents’ love and being punished for their unacceptable sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. To reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with the same-sex parent. Through this identification, children internalize the parents’ standards of right and wrong, which reflect societal prohibitions, and hence develop the superego. In the psychoanalytic account of moral development, children conform to societal standards to avoid guilt. In this way, self-control replaces parental control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples of other egos, people who one admires. Says "I want to be like that person". Good for moral development. |
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Term
| Empathy Development 1-2 years old |
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Definition
| displays discomfort at sight of distress on other people. |
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Term
| Empathy Development 5-8 years old |
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Definition
| become aware that every person’s perspective is unique and that someone else may have a different reaction to a situation. This awareness allows the child to respond more appropriately to another person’s distress. |
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Term
| Empathy Development 10- 12 years old |
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Definition
| develops empathy for people with unfortunate circumstances. |
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Term
| General comparison of empathy over time |
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Definition
| The world has displayed less empathy to other people since 1980. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of doing something for somebody without any expectation of reward. May be developed through displays of unconditional love from parent as an influence. |
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Term
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Definition
| "mommy is not going to love you anymore if you do that", Doesn't help with moral development, creates anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| "You better do it because I said so", Doesn't help with moral development, creates hostility. Good for young children. |
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Term
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Definition
| "If you do this, that will happen", develops good morality, helps develop logic. Not good for young children. |
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Term
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Definition
| performing violent and destructive acts, i.e. blowing things up, killing animals, terrorizing a younger sibling, swearing and temper tantrums to severe vandalism, theft, and assault can lead to antisocial problems and personality disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| constant verbal protest and disagreements. Does lead to antisocial problems, but not as serious. |
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Term
| Authority Conflict (Antecedent for Conduct Disorder) |
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Definition
| Youth on this pathway showed stubbornness prior to age 12, then moved on to defiance and avoidance of authority. |
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Term
| Covert (Antecedent for Conduct Disorder) |
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Definition
| This pathway included minor covert acts, such as lying, followed by property damage and moderately serious delinquency, then serious delinquency. |
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Term
| Overt (Antecedent for Conduct Disorder) |
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Definition
| This pathway included minor aggression followed by fighting and violence. |
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Term
| Erikson's thoughts on delinquency |
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Definition
| Delinquency is an adolescent's attempt at an identity, but the identity failed. |
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Term
| Prevention of delinquent behavior |
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Definition
| To catch at an early age, preschool. To be aware and identity the signs of delinquent behavior before it get out of control. |
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Term
| Underextension (Infant Language Development) |
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Definition
| Uses a word too narrowly. Everyone is the same. Generalization. "I am a 5 year old boy, so everyone is a 5 year old boy" |
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Term
| Marcia's idea of identity |
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Definition
| You must face a crisis first, then make a commitment to an identity. |
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Term
| 2 people Erikson thought had a clear identity |
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Definition
| Ghandhi and Martin Luther both were courageous people who had a clear idea of who they were. |
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