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| Two main theorists of language development |
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Formally known as motherese, parents use simplest speech with infants of 8-12 months.
Adults adjust the content of their speech to the cognitive level of children.
AC speech is universal. |
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| Focused on errors that children were making, study of errors could provide an insight into the cognitive processes of children |
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SPCF
Sensori-Motor (Birth to 2)
Pre-Operational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-12)
Formal operational (12+) |
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1. Rehearsal; repetition of information
2. Organisation: Grouping info together
3. Elaboration: Making associations between items to help recall them |
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| Refers to a person's awareness of his/her own cognitive abilities and limitations, develops gradually. From 18 month to 3 years children understand perception, emotions, desires |
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| Person's ability to infer, extrapolate, and invent information that might have never been directly experienced, people can make false inferences |
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| Constructive memory is based on.... |
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| Children's Eyewitness Research |
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Definition
| Research in children's memory focuses on the developmental of memory capacity and strategies...focuses on how children recall life events. |
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| Information Processing Approach |
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Definition
Stimulus
Attention
Encoding
Memory
Thinking
Response |
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| Focusing on specific aspect of experience that is relevant, ignore others that are irrelevant. |
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| Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. |
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| Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation |
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| Increase in responsiveness after change in stimulation |
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| Getting information into memory |
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| Retaining information overtime |
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| Taking information out of storage |
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| People mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds |
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| Mental frameworks that organise concepts and information. Influences encoding, making inferences, and retrieving information. Gaps are filled when memories retrieved |
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| Memory without conscious recollection |
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| Conscious memory of facts and experiences |
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| Strategies for Processing Information: |
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Definition
Rehearsal and organising
Creating mental imagery
Elaboration |
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Knowledge influences what people notice and how they organise, represent, and interpret information. Affects ability to remember, reason, and solve problems.
Epistemology is the study of knowledge |
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Definition
1. We have emotions and feelings and desires
2. Desires and feelings are related
3. We know that the mind includes knowledge
4. We can think about information
5. There is a difference between thoughts and real things
6. We have beliefs about the state of the world |
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| The understanding of others who have desires, beliefs, and their own interpretations of the world. |
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| Different people may have different representations about different things |
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| Children, like adults, appreciate that other people can have false beliefs. EX: SALLY ANNE TASK |
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| Children's Knowledge of Mind Before 4 |
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| Young children's understanding of mind can predict behaviour |
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Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Intellectual disabilities) |
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Definition
| Social Cultural Theorists. Focuses on the relationship between the individual, person, and social context. |
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| Child acquires the tools of thinking through |
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Definition
| interacting socially with other members of the society. They interpret knowledge in terms of their own understanding, use the information in new ways to fit immediate task, they use interpretation for action which in turn they introduce back to the culture. PROCESS MUST BE SEEN IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PERSON'S CULTURE. |
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| Explains how child learns with the help of others, distance between child's actual development level and potential level of development. Children learn from others who are more knowledgeable. |
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1. Vygotsky argued that language reflects our culture and its forms
2. Vygotsky did not accept that a young child's language was largely egocentric |
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| Distinctive aspects of scaffolding |
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Definition
| Recruitment, reduction of degrees of freedom, direction maintenance, marketing critical features, demonstration. |
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Community plane
Interpersonal plane
Personal plane |
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| Emphasis on cultural tools progressing to be internal tools of thinking. |
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| Key aspects of collective argumentation |
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| Individual representations, comparisons, explanation, c-construction, presentation, validation of testing |
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| Psychometrics devised tests to measure ability, emphasis placed on comparing individuals performance in a quantifiable way, people are given scores, known tests of ability are intelligence tests. |
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| Revisions of the Binet Simon Scale |
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Definition
| Ratio of mental level to chronological age and multiply by 100 |
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Definition
| Each time a person takes the test they should achieve the same amount |
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| Concurrent, predictive, content |
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Term
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Experimental |
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Definition
| Emphasizes how effectively a person learns new skills |
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Term
Sternberg's triarchic theory
Contextual |
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Definition
| Way in which people interact with the environment |
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Term
Sternberg's triarchic theory
Componential |
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Definition
| Concerned with the information processing aspects of tasks typically used in tests of intelligence |
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| Individuals who have low intelligence score but may have one or more exceptional abilities. Have implications for the different theories of intelligence |
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| Intelligence and Social Cultural Context |
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Definition
| Contextualists take view that intelligence should be defined within a particular cultural context that comparisons across cultures should only be made with caution. |
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| takes different forms in every society; diet, clothing, housing, household facilities, fuel, environmental, educational, working and social conditions |
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| Four aspects of Deprivation |
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Definition
1. Multi-dimensional
2. Concerns materials as well as social aspects
3. Deprivation is relative
4. Deprivation concerns individual srather than regions of areas |
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| Display behaviour more characteristic of animals; prognosis of children have been poor, linguistic and cognitive attainment ended to remain low and social behaviour strange, no indication of children's prior development |
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| Parents of working class and ethnic minority children did not provide the intellectual stimulation needed to succeed in school |
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| Schools are essentially white, middle class institutions in terms of values, language, therefore children from different backgrounds achieve less well. |
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| Looks at several age groups simultaneously |
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| Normative age graded influences |
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| Examples; graduate high school, get married, etc. |
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| Example; hurricane katrina, 9/11, etc. |
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| Brofenbenbrenner's Ecological Model |
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Definition
1. Microsystem (Yourself)
2. Mesosystem (yourself and someone else)
3. Exosystem (You and another extension person, indirect contact)
4. Macrosystem (large collective)
5. Chronosystem (time) |
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| A&B are related, time sequence where A comes before B, no other factor/element that can be said to influence the relationship. |
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| Random sample, no random assignment |
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| Controlled experimental designed |
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| Random sample, random assignment |
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Definition
| Would the same results be obtained if the study were repeated |
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| Are the data meaningful (The Instrument) |
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| Participant characteristics |
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Definition
| Are the participants representative of the population being investigated? |
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| Large numbers/large sample size. Making generalizations. Predetermined categories from researcher, looking for answer to certain questions |
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| Meaning for participant, often more exploratory in nature. Case studies. |
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| Using both quantitative and qualitative methods together to form a more complete picture than using either method alone |
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| Ethics General Principles |
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Definition
1. Informed Consent
2. Confidentiality
3. Lack of harm |
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Term
| Theories cannot be _______, only _______ |
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Definition
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Definition
| Human body is made up of cells, humans start life as a single cell |
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Definition
| Humans have 23, each cell has a nucleus containing a chromosome |
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| Variation explained by genetic differences |
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| Aspects of the family environment which makes siblings similar irrespective of genetics |
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| Environmental variation in which siblings differ (birth order, friends, school) |
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Definition
i. Behaviour is influenced by genes & environment
ii. Environment provides general building blocks plus particular experiences
iii. Environmental facotrs interact with genetic instructions
Genotype & Environment=process of development = behavior of animals |
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Definition
1. Imprinting
2. Individual Learning (Trial & Error/Instrumental conditioning)
3. Social learning (Local enhancement, emulation, imitation. Seen as a precondition of culture)
Modelling aspect; Bandura |
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| Evolution can select for physical characteristics & behavioural characteristics |
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| First 2 weeks, coneption occurs when a sperm cell from father unites with ovum |
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| Teratogens are pollutants harmful to the foetus. |
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i. Teratogen exposure
ii. Genetic
iii. Poor Maternal nutrition
iv. Infectious diseases
v. Exposure to radiation
vi. Stress |
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Definition
Score (0, 1, 2. Highest score 10)
Colour
Heart rate
Reflex Irritability
Muscle Tone
Respiratory Effort |
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Easy/Difficult
1. Reactive emotionally/ Negative affectively
2. Self-regulation/effortful control
3. Approach/withdrawal or extraversion/surgancy |
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Term
| Erikson's Social Development Security of Attachment |
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Definition
Influences how toddlers treat their future peers/SOs.
a. Avoidant
b. Secure
c. Ambivalent
d. Disorganised (Combination) |
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Definition
| May be related to parental sensitivity, mind-mindedness, maternal depression |
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| Child Care Outside of the Family |
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Definition
i. Quality of care
ii. Quantity of care
iii. Age of child |
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i. Father involvement; engagement, accessibility, responsibility, general positive aspects to father's involvement
Grandparents, direct influences, indirect influences, sometimes roles as surrogate parents, or in divorced. |
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| If you compare yourself down you will have a higher self esteem. |
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| Education, Occupation, Income |
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| Individual who may be regarded as equal with respect to some function or situation |
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| A close relationship between two peers |
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| Familiarity, Age, Gender. |
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| Recognising Emotions in others: |
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Definition
| Social referencing infant looks to mother/father caregiver to gauge reaction before reacting themselves. |
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Definition
| Aware of self by 18-20 months, able to express emotions. |
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| Distinguishing reality from pretence |
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| Pretend play not usually confused with reality, but can be confusing as to whether an adult who joins the play is real or pretend mode |
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| Developing emotional intelligence |
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Definition
| Emotion plays regulatory role, regulation is necessary for emotional wellbeing. Children rely on parents/carers for help for regulating emotions |
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| Encompasses Self-regulation and emotional regulation |
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Definition
1. Understanding feelings
2. Managing Feelings
3. Self motivation
4. Handling |
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| How people think of themselves |
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| When someone evaluates their own self concept and compares it with concept of others. |
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| Inversely related to aggression. Strong impact on self-esteem & gender identity, girls more effected than boys |
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| Gender Identity/Gender Role Stereotype: |
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| Beliefs about what is appropriate or typical for one gender or another |
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| Self regulatory mechanism, identification with peer group, motivational mechanisms |
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| Benefits of prosocial behaviour |
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Definition
1. Enhancing reputation
2. Enhanced self-esteem
3. Development of empathy
4. Internalization of social acceptable norms |
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| Development of Pro social beaviour |
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Definition
| Reinforcement, punishment for not being helpful, modelling, moral exhortation. |
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Definition
Befriending/mentoring
Mediation/Conflict
Counselling |
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| Cultures that place a high value on individual success... |
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Definition
| Are more likely to foster competitiveness than cooperation in their children |
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| Participate involvement in action, citizenship curriculum. |
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INstrumental/hostile
reactive/proactive
Individual/group |
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Genetic factors/temperament
Callous unemotional traits
Parenting
Peers/groups |
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| Considered a subset of aggressive behaviour, imbalance of power and repitition. |
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| Physical verbal and indirect/relational. Gender based, racial based, disability, homophobic, etc. |
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| No place to hide, breadth of audience |
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