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Definition
| tendency to respond to the demands of the environment in ways that meet one's goals |
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Definition
| the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which people translate icoming information into a form they can understand |
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Definition
| process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in rsponse to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which people balance assimilation and accomodation to create stable understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| childen of different ages think qualitativey in different ways. example: children in the early stages of cognitive development conceive of morality interms off the consequences of a person's behavior, whereas children in later stages conveieve of it in terms of the person's intent |
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Term
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Definition
| the tpe of thinking characteristic of each stage influences children's thinking across diverse topics and contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| before entering a ew stage, children pass through a brief transitional period i which they fluctuate between the type of thinking characteristic of the new, more advanced stage and the type of thinkig characteristic of the old one. |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone progresses through the stages in the same order and never skips a stage |
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Term
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Definition
| birth-2 yrs. infant's intellignece deveops and is expressed through sensory and motor abilities. they use them to explore and gain info about their surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-7 yrs. toddlers and preschollers become able to represent their experiences in language and mental imagery which allows them to remember their experiences for longer periods of time and to form more sophisticated concepts. they lack reasoning techiques which makes it hard for them to form certain ideas |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| 7-12 yrs. children can reason logically about concrete objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| 12+ yrs. children can think deeply not only about concrete events but also about abstractions and purely hypothetical situations |
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Term
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Definition
| infants begin to modify reflexes to make them more adaptive. |
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Term
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Definition
| infant bein to organize seperate reflexes into larger behaviors, most of which are centered on their own bodies. their reflexes serve as building blocks for more complex behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| infants become increasingly interested in the world around them. |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of sight |
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Term
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Definition
| object permanence begins to develop as they search for hidden objects rather than act as if they've vanished. |
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Term
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Definition
| infants begin to atively and avidly explore the potential uses to which objects can be put |
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Term
| substage 6 (18-24 months) |
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Definition
| infants become able to form enduring mental representations |
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Term
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Definition
| repitition of other people's behaviors minutes, hours or days after occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of one objet to stand for another |
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Term
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Definition
| percieving the world solely from one's own point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing on a single,perceptually striking feature of an object or event to the exclusion of other, less striking features |
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Term
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Definition
| merely changing the appearance or arrangement of objects does not necessarily change their key properties, such as quantity of material |
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Term
| weakness 1 of piaget's theory |
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Definition
| stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is. piaget recognized that such variability exists but wa unable to explain it successfully. |
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Term
| weakness 2 of piaget's theory |
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Definition
| infants and young children are more cognitively competent than piaget recognized. |
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Term
| weakness 3 of piaget's theory |
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Definition
| piaget's theory understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development. a child's cognitive development reflects the cotributions of other peole, as well as of the broader culture, to a far greater degree than piaget's theory acknowledges |
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Term
| weakness 4 of piaget's theory |
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Definition
| piaget's theory is vague about the cognitive processes that give rise to children's thinking and about the mechanisms that produce cognitive growth. it focuses less on the processes that lead them to think in a particular way and that roduce changes in their thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| research technique of identifying goals, relevant information in the environment, and potential processing strategies for a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic organization of the cognitive system, including the main components of the system and their characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the many specific mental activities such as rules and strategies that people use to remember and solve problems. |
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Term
| information-processing theorists view children as... |
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Definition
| undergoing continuous cognitive change... cognitive growth occurs constantly and in small increments |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle |
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Term
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Definition
| the fleeting retention of sights, sounds, and other sensations that have just been experienced |
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Term
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Definition
| information retained on an endurig basis |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of workspace in which information from sensory memory and long-term memory is brought together, attended to, and processed |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest and most frequently used mental activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of representig in memory information that draws attention |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon that initial uses of strategies do not improve memory as much as later uses |
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Term
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Definition
| explicit memories of events that took place at specific times and places in an in dividual's personal past |
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Term
| overlapping-waves theories |
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Definition
| an information processing approach that emphasizes the variability of children's thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| the mutual understanding that people share during communication |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to look to social partnes for guidance about how to respond to unfamilia to threatenig events |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which ore competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own |
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Term
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| range of performance between what children can do unsupported andwhat they can do with optimal support |
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Term
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Definition
| systems for representig or thoughts, feelings, and knowledge and for communicating them to others |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding what others say (or sign or write) |
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Term
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Definition
| actually seaking (or signing or writing) to others |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that by using the finite set of words in or vocabulay, we can put tgether an infinitenumber of sentences and exprss an infinite number of ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| the elementary units of meaningful sound used to produce languages |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that by using the finite set of words in or vocabulay, we can put tgether an infinitenumber of sentences and exprss an infinite number of ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of knowledge about he sound system of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
| the earnig of the system for expressing meaning in a language, including word learning |
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Term
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Definition
| rules in a language that specify how words from different categories can be combined |
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Term
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Definition
| the learning of te syntax of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of knowledge about how language is used |
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Term
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Definition
| an understanding of the properties and function of language. an understanding of language as language. |
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Term
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Definition
| the time during which languag develops readily and after which language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful. |
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Term
| infant-directed talk (IDT) |
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Definition
| the distinctive mode of speech thatadults adopt when talking to babies and very young children |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns, and so forth with which a language is spoken |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of speech sounds as belonging to descrete categories |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of time between when air passes through the lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating |
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Term
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Definition
| in language and speech, the associating of words and meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the period when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of a given word in broader context than is appropiate |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategies that young children enlist in beginning to speak |
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Term
| referential (analytical) style |
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Definition
| speech stategy that analyzes the speech stream into individual phonetic elements and words; the first utterances of children whoadopt this style tend to use isolated, often monosyllabic words |
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Term
| expressive (holistic) style |
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Definition
| children who use this speech strategy give more attention to the overall sound of language - its rhythmic and intonational patterns - than to the phonetic elements of which it is composed |
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Term
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Definition
| the children who use this speech strategy often begin to speak very late but then have a large vocab and quickly acquire more words |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of apidly learning a new word simply from the contrastive use of a familiar and an unfamilar word |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of the social context used for word learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the mutual understanding that people share during communication |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the strateg of using the grammatica structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the term describing children's first sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| speech erors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular. |
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Term
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Definition
| te term describing children's first sentences that are generally two-word utterances |
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Term
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Definition
| young chilren's talk with one another in which the content of each child's turn has little or nothing to do with what the othe child has just said |
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Definition
| descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story |
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Definition
| a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language moule tat is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of information processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous, interconnected processing units |
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Term
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Definition
| the ida that a symbolic artifact must be mentally represented in two ways at the same ime--both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself |
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Term
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Definition
| general ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects, events, qualities, or abstractions that are similar in some way |
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Term
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Definition
| categories that are related by set-subset relations, such as animal/dog/poodle |
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Term
| perceptual categorization |
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Definition
| grouping objects together because they look similar |
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Term
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Definition
| the most general level within a category hierarchy such as animal in the nimal/dog/poodle example |
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Term
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Definition
| the most specific level in a category hierarchy such as the poodle in the animal/dog/poodle example |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle level, and often the first level learned, within a category hierarchy, such as dog in the animal/dog/poodle example |
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Term
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Definition
| a commonsense level of understanding of other people and oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| a basic understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| tasks that tesst a child's understanding that other people will act in accord with their own beliefs even when the child knows that those beliefs are incorrect |
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Term
| theory of mind module (TOMM) |
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Definition
| a hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other humans |
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Term
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Definition
| a syndrome that tends to produce a number of intellectual and emotional limitations, particularly in understanding and relating to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| make believe activities in which childen create new symbolic relations (using a broom to represent a horse) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of pretense in which an object is used as something other than itself |
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Term
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Definition
| activities in which children enact minidramas with ther children or adults (mother comforting baby) |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are |
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Term
| egocentric representations |
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Definition
| coding f spatial locations relative to one's own body, without regard to the surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to keep track continuoursly of one's location relative to the starting point and thus to go diretly back to it |
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Term
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Definition
| the realization that all sets of N objects have something in common |
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Definition
| a process by which adults and children can look at a few objects and almost immediately know how many objects are present |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elcit a highly negative response; especially useful in the treatment of fears and phobias |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingenies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to acheive a desired goal |
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Term
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Definition
| observing someone else receieve a reward or punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| te idea that chilren play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferenes, friendship chilces, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that person's behavior, thoguhts,and feelings |
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Term
| hostile attributional bis |
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Definition
| in dodge's theory, the tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent |
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Term
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Definition
| a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure |
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Term
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Definition
| a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self an to give up in theface of failure |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that a person's level of intelligence is fized and unchangeable |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that intelligence is nt fized an can grow as a function of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of evolutionary bases of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of learning in which the young of some species of new born birds and mammals beome attached to and follow adult members of the species (usually their mother) |
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Term
| parental investment theory |
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Definition
| a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive invstment parents make in their offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| bioecological theory, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18 |
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Term
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Definition
| a sndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention |
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