Term
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Definition
1) Role of the child: passive vs. active 2) Pattern of development: continuous vs. discontinuous 3) Nature vs. nurture |
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Term
| Role of the child in development |
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Definition
Passive: based on external forces Active: the child controls the course of their development by being curious and exploring and seeking out new experience - Piaget is a big proponent of this theory |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous: gradual development, steady over time - ex. human memory Discontinuous: development happens in stages - ex. motor development - assumptions: - development is governed by different procedures at different stages - Stages build on each other - Invariant order, there is debate on whether you can regress stages
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Term
| Nature vs. Nurture Models |
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Definition
- Maturation - Maintenence - Faciliation - Attunment - Induction |
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Term
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Definition
- Most extreme genetic view, experience plays little or no role - Means that development is a preplanned timetable - Ex. babies preference for patterned stimuli, happens 40 weeks after conception |
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Term
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Definition
- you don't need experience to start an ability but you need it to keep it going - ex. deaf babies babble but it goes away over time |
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Term
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Definition
- experience accelerates development of the ability - experience doesn't impact final form or level |
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Term
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Definition
- Experience does impact the final form - Ex. if you learn spanish after puberty, your first language will interfer with it |
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Term
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Definition
- No role for genetics, all experience - ex. imprinting like in ducks, it has a critical period |
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Term
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Definition
- Two or more age groups, compare them - Weaknesses: - doesn't provide evidence of the change at the level of the individual - Cohort effects exist still exist because different generations are exposed to different salient events
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Term
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Definition
- Follow the same set of people and test them over time |
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Term
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Definition
- Mix of cross sectional and longitudinal studies - Testing different ages of children at the same time and then retesting them again forward in time - Advantages - A check on cohort effects - Data comes from a longitudinal and cross sectional study, if the data matches then this is stronger evidence |
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Term
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Definition
- Each participant is asked the same question in the same way - Strengths - Can be administered to a lot of people at once - Specific, to the point, less likely to get off topic - Weaknesses - Yields less information than a clinical interview |
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Term
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Definition
- Flexible conversation style that is used to probe the participants point of view - Strengths - You get a lot of information - People tell the information in a way that closely parallels their thought processes - Weaknesses - People aren't always accurate
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Term
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Definition
- The percent that if one twin has the trait, both twins will have it - If concordance rate is higher in identical twins than in fraternal twins then the trait is more likely to be genetic |
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Term
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Definition
- Measure of how much of individual differences in trait has to do with genetic factors - Obtained from kinship studies |
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Term
| Limitations of Hereditabilty and Concordance |
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Definition
- Because the populations are from the same demographic it's hard to decide which factors are being studied - Results can be misapplied - Only limited usefulness, they don't tell us how the specifics of developmental conditions apply and are helpful |
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Term
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Definition
- The tendency of heredity to restrict the outcome of development to just a few outcomes - Therefore all kids will eventually develop all the necessary skills - Ex. infant perception, motor development |
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Term
| Mother's Stages of Pregnancy |
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Definition
- 1st Trimester: 0-3 months (don't show, morning sickness, miscarriages) - 2nd Trimester: 4-6 months (showing, fat and happy)
- 3rd Trimester: 7-9 months (tired, looking forward to delivery)
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Term
| Baby's Stages of Pregnancy |
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Definition
- Zygote (Germinal) Period: 0-2 weeks, from fertilization to attachment on uterine wall - Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks - Fetal Period: 8 weeks to birth |
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Term
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Definition
- An ovum (egg) is released from the ovary every 28 days, it travels down the fallopian tube and eventually implants into the uterine wall - The corpeus lutem (spot on ovary egg is released from) secretes hormones that ready the uterus for implantation - If pregnancy doesn't occur the lining is shed during menstruation |
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Term
| Period of the Zygote (Germinal Period) |
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Definition
- Period lasts from fertilization til the mass of cells leaves fallopin tubes + attaches to the uterine wall - Lots of cell division during this time - Eventually sheds protective layer and attaches to uterine wall - It is a blastocyte during this period (see next card) |
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Term
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Definition
- On the 4th day the 100 cells form a hollow, fluid filled ball - Inside is embryonic disk (will become the organism) and the trophoblast (will become protective covering - amnion and nutrients - placenta) |
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Term
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Definition
- Mother to embryo: O2, nutrients, antibodies, viruses - Embryo to mother: waste products, CO2 - Mother and embryo have separate blood supplies - Connected by umbilical cord |
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Term
Embryonic Period (General) |
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Definition
- From implantation to the eighth week of pregnancy - Period where the most rapid changes are taking place - Period where cells differentiate into separate structures and systems - Period where most severe defects are most likely to occur |
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Term
Embryonic Period (Last Half of the First Month) |
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Definition
- Embyronic disk form 3 layers of cells (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) - Nervous system forms from folded ectoderm, a neural tube forms with a swelling at the top which becomes the brain - Heart starts pumping blood - Muscles, backbone, ribs, and digestive tract start to appear |
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Term
Embryonic Period (Second Month) |
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Definition
- Ears, eyes, nose, jaw, and neck form - Buds become the arms, legs, fingers, and toes - Intestines, heart, liver, and spleen start to grow |
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Term
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Definition
- From the ninth week to birth - A period of growth and finishing - Weight gain, length gain, fine tuning of structures |
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Term
Fetal Period (Third Month) |
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Definition
- First trimester is complete at the end of this month - Organs, muscles, and nervous system become organized and connected - External genitalia shows the sex of the baby - Finger/toenails, toothbuds, eyelids, heartbeat |
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Term
Fetal Period (Second Trimester) |
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Definition
- Mother can now feel movements - Skin covered in vernix (white cheesy substance that protects skill from chapping in amniotic fluid) - Brain weight increases 10x from glial cell production - Fetus still cannot control its body temp or breathing |
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Term
Fetal Period (Third Trimester) |
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Definition
- 22-26 weeks - Age of viability - Main goal is now weight gain - Infants develop a distinct temperament |
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