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Child and Adolescent Development- Part One: Themes&Theories
Bukatko, Kaplan University
21
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
07/31/2009

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Term
development
Definition
Physcial and psychological changes in the individual over a lifetime
Term
developmental psychology
Definition
Systematic and scientific study of changes in human behaviors and mental activities over time
Term
theory
Definition
Set of ideas or propositions that helps to organize or explain observable phenomena
Term
social policy
Definition
Programs and plans established by local, regional or national public organizations and agencies designed to achieve a particular social purpose or goal
Term
nature-nuture debate
Definition
Ongoing theoretical controversy over whether development is teh result of the child's genetic endowment of environmental influences
Term
stage
Definition
Developmental period during which the organization of thought and behavior is qualitatively different from that of an earlier or later period
Term
empiricism
Definition
Theory that environmental experiences shape the individual, more specifically, that all knowledge is dervied from sensory experiences
Term
individual differences
Definition
Unique characteristics that distinguish a person from other members of a larger group
Term
learning
Definition
Relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of such experiences as explorations, observations and practice
Term
behavior analysis
Definition
Learning theory perspective that explains the development of behavior according to the principles of classical and operant conditioning
Term
Freud's Stages
Definition
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
Term
oral stage
Definition
1st stage- From birth to about one year of age, the libidinal energy is focused on the mouth area and can be redcued through sucking, chewing, eating and biting
Term
anal stage
Definition
1nd stage- From about one years old to about three years old and the child's energy is focused on the anal region and is lessened by bowel movements
Term
phallic stage
Definition
3rd stage- From about three years old to about five years old, this is the general period that is characterized by a desire for the opposite-sex parents and other forms of immature statisfaction surrounding the dentials
Term
latency
Definition
4th stage- From about five years old to adolescence in which the libidinal energy is more focused on more accepted way of social and intellectual skills
Term
genital stage
Definition
5th and final stage- From adolescence through adulthood, in which mature forms of genital gratification are said to be a release of tension
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
A neutral stimulus beings to elicit a response after being repeatedly paired with another stimulus that already elcits the desired response
Term
operant or instrumental conditioning
Definition
The process of learning by which the frequency of behavior changes depending on feedback in the form of a desireable or undesireable outcome
Term
behavior modification or applied behavior analysis
Definition
the systematic application of operant conditioning to modify a behavior or action with feedback and reinforcement
Term
social learning theory
Definition
Theoretical approach emphasizing the importance of learning through observation and imitation of behaviors modeled by others
Term
observational learning
Definition
Learning that takes place by simply observing another person's behavior
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