Term
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Definition
| emotional abuse and neglect: Hygiene, physical environment (for example, sub-standard housing), feeding, and clothing |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional abuse and neglect: Attachment problems, failure to access care, permitted or encouraged delinquent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional abuse and neglect: Failure to enroll, permitted truancy, supervision of other children |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional abuse and neglect: failure to provide required care |
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Term
| Supervision, Abandonment, expulsion |
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Definition
| emotional abuse and neglect: Basic supervision, locking in and locking out |
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Term
| Deleterious Effects of prenatal substance use and abuse |
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Definition
| emotional abuse and neglect: FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), other drugs, cigarettes |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional abuse forms: rejecting- pushing a child away that needs affection |
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Term
| Emotional abuse: Rejecting |
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Definition
| denying emotional responsiveness/indifference |
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Term
| Emotional abuse: Isolating |
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Definition
| locking a child in a closet |
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Term
| emotional abuse: terrorizing |
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Definition
| if you do not do this, then the boogeyman will get you |
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Term
| emotional abuse: close confinement |
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Definition
| chaining a child to a bed so that they can not get away |
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Term
| emotional abuse: destroying property |
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Definition
| breaking the child's toys |
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Term
| emotional abuse: harming a pet |
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Definition
| mother killing a pet goat because it got more attention than her |
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Term
| emotional neglect: Chronic Spousal abuse |
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Definition
| child may be removed simply because there is violence between the parents |
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Term
| emotional neglect: inadequate affection |
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Definition
| lack of nurturing and caring and attention |
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Term
| emotional neglect: permitted substance abuse |
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Definition
| letting the child drink or smoke weed |
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Term
| emotional neglect: permitting or encouraging maladaptive behavior |
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Definition
| getting the child to shop lift |
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Term
| emotional neglect: delay/refusal of mental health care |
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Definition
| Not all parents agree with putting kids on ADHD meds. Doesn’t mean that’s neglect though |
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Term
| How are these distinguished from other kinds of emotional problems that children experience? |
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Definition
Power is not in single acts, but in cumulative effects
Negative effects of emotional abuse are not as immediate
May account for the primary negative outcomes in more common forms of maltreatment
Often associated with other forms of maltreatment |
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Term
| What kinds of parental conduct are defined as emotional abuse in the formal literature that might not be included in “common sense” definitions? |
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Definition
Some behaviors are not uncommon as “normal” parenting
E.g. yelling, spanking
Some behaviors are defined as eccentric or odd, but not as abusive |
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Term
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Definition
| Any sexual activity with a child where consent is not or cannot be given |
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Term
| child sexual abuse involves: |
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Definition
Verbal solicitation
Sexual comments
Exhibitionism (flashing people their genitals or sending nude pictures)
Voyeurism (watching people disrobe without them knowing)
Photographing
Fondling (touching a child over their clothing)
Digital penetration (using your fingers to penetrate a child physically)
Genital-genital penetration
Anal-genital penetration
Oral-genital contact |
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Term
| women who have experienced child sexual abuse |
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Definition
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Term
| men who have experienced child sexual abuse |
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Definition
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Term
| How often do child sexual abuse occur? |
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Definition
Recent declines
Parents are now more aware and are trying to prevent it
Mandated reporting cause of recent declines as well |
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Term
| How many reports are never made by females? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many reports are never made by males? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many girls have experienced some form of sexual abuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many guys have experienced some form of sexual abuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major forms of child sexual abuse? |
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Definition
| intra-familial, extra-familial, child sex rings, child pornography, child prostitution, sexual trafficking, sexual tourism |
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Term
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Definition
| incest, con sanguine- blood relationship, result in birth defects and abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| more common than intra, committed by someone outside the family |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple adults passing multiple children around |
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Term
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Definition
| 100,000-200,000 teenage prostitutes in US |
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Term
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Definition
Move people around and keep them in bondage which they’ll be forced to have sex multiple times a day
250K |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a whole tour and you move place to place and kid to kid. Thailand is known for these.Not only is there a brothel, but you can also set up networks and get people from places that have strict regulations to come there |
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Term
| Most likely victimized sexually as a child |
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Definition
| Females, middle childhood (7-12 years old); extrafamilial CSA more common, but perpetrator is a familiar person to the child (90% know their offenders) |
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Term
| characteristics of offenders |
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Definition
Adolescents
40%
Caretakers
Parents- 6%
Step Parents- 16%
Other family member/Known- 30%
Stranger- 5-15% |
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Term
| 4 preconditions of child sexual abuse |
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Definition
| motivation of the offender, overcoming one's internal controls (dis-inhibition),circumventing protective agents, overcoming the resistance of a child |
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Term
| motivation of the offender: sexual arousal issues |
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Definition
Pedophilia
Fixed
Regressed
Hebephilia, Ephebophilia
Pederasty
Other paraphilias (sadism; polymorphous, etc)
Mental Illness |
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Term
| motivation of the offender: emotional congruence |
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Definition
Affection, Connection, Comfort
Emotional promotion (role reversal)
Emotional demotion (pedophilia)
Other feelings
Anger
Misogyny
Emporic control
“Perfect patriarchs” |
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Term
| motivation of the offender: blockage |
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Definition
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Term
| overcoming one's internal controls |
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Definition
Misattribution, cognitive distortions, rationalization
Poor capacity for empathy
Substance misuse
Impulse problems
“Bonding” failure
Pornography
Ideological support: Rene Guyon Society; NAMBLA
Personal History - “mastery” |
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Term
| circumventing protective agents |
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Definition
| mother is most important, peers siblings |
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Term
| overcoming the resistance of a child |
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Definition
illusion/pretext of “consent”, exploitation and “grooming”
Manipulation and misrepresentation
Psychological Pressure
“ a pact with the devil”
Threat of harm; intimidation
Predatory violence |
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Term
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Definition
Fixated- only interested in kids
Regressed- used to have “normal” sexual patterns with partners, have sex with kid when the opportunity arises) |
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Term
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Definition
| attracted to kids going through puberty (~10-14 years old) |
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Term
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Definition
| males attracted to male adolescents (~10-14) |
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Term
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Definition
| aroused by inflicting pain on others |
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Term
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Definition
| aroused by someone inflicting pain on them |
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Term
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Definition
| aroused by anything with a pulse |
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Term
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Definition
| not individual pathology, it’s our society, men abuse women because of how men are socialized- want power and control |
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Term
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Definition
| these people are inferior, perverse, and mentally ill, their psyche makes them this way |
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Term
| Why is it helpful and not helpful to distinguish incest offenders from pedophiles? |
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Definition
Those with severe pedophilia are basically untreatable
The Arousal Driven → Predatory (Perverse/Sadistic, people with strong paraphilias) less able to be treated |
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Term
| How have mothers traditionally been thought about in incest families? |
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Definition
Mothers were held responsible, with the mentality of “Your only job is to love and protect your children, how could you not know what was going on? You must either have let it happen or have been a bad mother.”
Feminists were strongly against this |
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Term
| What are the major immediate and long term effects of sexual abuse? |
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Definition
20-50% of children and adolescents have no significant initial effects
10-25% have increasingly problematic responses
There is sampling variability
“Pre-existing” individual and family problems
The nature, context and aftermath of the abuse varies |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: betrayal |
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Definition
| the person is suppose to care about me but hurts me |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: powerlessness (responsibility) |
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Definition
No control
A lot of responsibility
May feel both at the same time |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: stigmatization |
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Definition
Damaged-goods syndrome
If this happens to you, then you are damaged for life |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: traumatic sexualization |
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Definition
Problems in terms of your own sexual expression
Sexual behavior problems
Might feel uncomfortable with any type of sexual act |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: white-knuckle sex |
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Definition
| When you have sex, but you don’t really want to and you don’t like it. |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: Encopresis |
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Definition
Use the bathroom anywhere
-May do the opposite and hold it for long periods of time |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: PTSD |
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Definition
About 30%
Mid-life collapse
When you have a traumatic experience and just cope with it by pushing it back and then eventually you can’t keep it in the box anymore and there is essentially a “collapse” |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: dissociative reponses |
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Definition
Spacing out
Depersonalization
DID/MPD
Mind-body splitting
Being outside their own body
The sexual act is happening here, but I am watching it over there |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: DESNOS: Disorders of Extreme Stress Not otherwise Specified |
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Definition
Alterations in systems of meaning
Despair and hopelessness
Loss of previously sustaining beliefs |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse: Alterations in regulating affective arousal |
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Definition
Anger
Depression
Chronic irritability
Anxiety and fear
Grief
Poor ability to self-soothe |
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Term
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Definition
Eating, substance abuse, and other “control” disorders
Difficulty modulating sexual involvement
Alterations in perceptions of self and others
Cognitive distortions |
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Term
| effects of sexual abuse:Self-injurious cognitions and behaviors |
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Definition
Burning, scalding, cutting and scratching, consumption of non-edible objects
Trauma re-enactment
To make it “real”
Transformation of emotional pain to physical pain
Creation of managed pain
To “focus” in the face of dissociation
To communicate an ineffable feeling
To activate a natural analgesic response
To “feel” in the face of numbing and detachment |
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Term
| What are the multiple levels of trauma that must be addressed in sexual abuse treatment? |
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Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, vicarious |
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Term
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Definition
Type 1- Singular Event
Type 2- Multiple events
Type 3- Multiple, Severe, and Pervasive Events
Types 2 and 3 often result in dropping out of therapy because just when they begin to see progress, they feel threatened again. |
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Term
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Definition
Systems-induced trauma. Talking to the police and judge
All of the stuff that happens to the victim after they disclose that it has been done.
Kids often feel like they should retract statement. |
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Term
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Definition
Dilemmas in the therapeutic response
Emotionally charged
Secretive (confidential)
Power differential
Trust issues |
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Term
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Definition
Compassion fatigue
“Trauma is contagious” and isolating
The difficult feelings that the client is feeling, the therapist will then start to feel too. They experience these through:
Intrusive thoughts and dreams
Sense of ineffectiveness
Depression and despair
Preoccupation with evil
Distrust, including colleagues
Spiritual and existential anguish---loss of, a threat to, previously sustaining beliefs. |
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Term
| What are the major treatment methods and themes that have been developed to address these effects? |
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Definition
Name it, claim it, and aim it
Individual therapy
Systems therapy- conjoint family, mother-daughter dyad
Group work (hall of mirrors)-- it is validating knowing that you are not the only person that this has happened to and the only person that has these feelings.
PTSD focused interventions (bc depression and PTSD are most common symptoms)
Environmental - external stressors and cues –ceiling tiles/touch
Encephalic - physiological responses:-happens in body (panic, sweat, tension) AKA “Freaking Out”
containing and grounding techniques-try to practice how to relax and calm down (slow heart beat and clear mind)
d) Endogenous - cognitive and emotional processes-after trauma form distorted views of self. (“worthless”)
Cognitive-Behavioral (clearing distortions)-Learn to be strong.
EMDR-process to change distorted thoughts. –brain bilateral. Therapists holds 2 fingers up and patient follows fingers with eyes while thinking about trauma or images of it. something like (I’m worthless)..then do it again while thinking about (“I have worth”)
Abreaction-have all these emotions that you bottle up (repression) Abreaction allows you to confront the trauma and let feelings out. But have to feel safe before this. (movie theatre method..can turn off if bad scene or feel unsafe).. Or saying what you wish you could have said but couldn't/didn’t
Offender treatment- many offenders are not treatable; a lot of their treatments involve trying to change their arousal patterns. |
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Term
| What are the special problems associated with investigating allegations of child sexual abuse? What have we learned (painfully) over the last two decades about how not to interview sexual abuse victims? |
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Definition
Virtually never unequivocal physical (medical) evidence that abuse has occurred- only verbal report and behavioral and emotional symptoms
Few symptoms are unique to sexual abuse
Even sexualized behavior can come from other sources
Many kids who are abused (⅓) don’t have severe symptoms
Age and developmental limitations of child victims
Fact and fantasy (Santa Claus)
Know what a lie is (cognitive component)
Know you can’t lie (moral component)
Memory and perception. Misinterpretation, plus unreliable memories
Influence and suggestibility
Inappropriate interviewing skills
Framing the interview, attitude of the interviewer
Inappropriate prompts, stereotypical inductions
Repetitive interviewing by single individuals and multiple investigators
Pre-suppositional questioning
Lack of information (and norms) about typical “sexual” expression in younger children
Inappropriate use of props including anatomically correct dolls, medical drawings
Child-advocacy bias (Type I vs. Type II errors)
The “pressure” dilemma
Retractions and the “Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome” |
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Term
| What are the principal reasons for false allegations of sexual abuse? |
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Definition
Court conflicts like divorces
Lack of trust/misunderstanding
Purposeful fabrication
Simple misunderstanding
Touching during routine physical care
Developmental issues (masturbation)
Distortion due to mental illness
Child
Adult
Professional error
Inferences based on Symptom-Menus
Unacknowledged limitations of professional knowledge
Other reasons
Misrepresentation by exploiters
Revenge issues
Attention seeking
Ideology- “There is no man you could know well enough to trust around your children” |
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Term
| What are the major assessment and treatment methodologies employed with sexual offenders (including child abusers)? What works and what does not? |
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Definition
1. Penile Plethysmography.
-Assesses arousal by measuring penis enlargement reaction to different stimuli
2. Collateral Reports --> Client Interviewing.- receiving the information about what happened from a client in order to make sure the offender isn’t lying. If the offender is lying then treatment won’t be effective.
3. Polygraphy.
-Assesses desire to get help, can also assess arousal
4. Journaling / Self-Monitoring
-requires commitment to therapy and willingness to be honest;
5. Standardized Assessment.
–Most offenders don’t demonstrate extreme psychopathology.
–However, sociopathy highly predicts recidivism. May even get worse in treatment.
- MMPI - before and after comparison |
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Term
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Definition
Relapse Prevention (RP) and addictions models; Therapeutic Groups;
Psycho-educational Groups. [The behavior is the problem].
- 1.It’s easy to lie to one person -> it’s hard to lie to a group of people and even
harder to lie to a group of people with the same problem.
-2. Support groups are extremely helpful, like with Alcoholics Anonymous. Group model important
2.Cognitive-behavioral therapy: focusing on misattributions, cognitive distortions,
empathy-building, and skill deficits.
3.Reconditioning / Aversive Approaches / Shaming.
- Ammonia, electrical shock, shaming approaches (doesn’t talk about it but has to have to act it out and talk about what they are think and saying)
4.Psycho-pharmacology [cyproterone acetate; Depo-Provera
(medroxyprogesterone acetate); Anti-Depressants (anti-compulsives).
-”Chemical castration”
-Diminishes ability to be aroused at anything
-Typically pumps estrogen into the male body |
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Term
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Definition
Focuses on the behavior itself because the behavior is highly stimulating
- Cognitive Skills
Diminish denial and minimization
Learn emotional management
Recognition of high risk situations /warning signs
Apparently irrelevant decisions
Avoidance and escape strategies
Coping skills
Supportive network |
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Term
| Which of the following types of trauma occurs when a victim talks to police or has to disclose all of the information about the act(s)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following types of trauma occurs when the therapist begins to feel “compassion fatigue” and the trauma becomes contagious |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following types of trauma occurs from the acts themselves? |
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Definition
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