Term
sex
(genetic vs anatomical) |
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Definition
biological malesness/femaleness
genetic: determined by chromosomes
anatomical: external characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial meaning of male/female |
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Definition
| subjective sense of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural norms for male/female behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| assumptions about how people are likely to behave based on their male/femaleness; gender identification |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological sex is determined by the chromosomal makeup of the sperm that fertilizes the ovum; reproductive cells have 22 matched chromosomes (autosomes); the 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the sex; xx-female; xy-male |
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Term
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Definition
| SRY gene triggers testes; DSS gene triggers ovaries; gonads differentiation forms around 6th week |
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Term
| wolffian ducts vs mullerian ducts |
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Definition
androgens (testosterone) stimulate production of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts
vs
there is no androgen stimulation (in females), so fallopian tubes, uterus, and inner third of vagina form |
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Term
ovaries produce:
1. estrogens
2. progestational compounds |
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Definition
1. influence dev of 2ndary sex characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle; estradiol most imp
2. progesterone is only one of physiological importance; regulates menstrual cycle; stimulates dev of uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy |
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Term
testes produce:
androgens |
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Definition
testosterone most important; influence dev of male 2ndary sex characteristics
***Adrenal glands in both sexes secrete small amounts of estrogen and larger amounts of androgen*** |
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Term
| 3 major brain structures vary b/w males and females |
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Definition
1. hypothalamus
2. left and right cerebral hemispheres
3. corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| have both ovarian and testicular tissue in body- VERY RARE |
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Term
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Definition
| external genitals are a mixture of male and female structures; gonads match chromosomal sex; caused from atypical combination of sex chromosomes or prenatal hormone irregularities |
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Term
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Definition
| people who possess biological attributes of both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| only an X is present; develop normal female genitals and classified as female, but internal reproductive structures don't fully develop- absence of ovaries, no breast development, sterile; interests/behavior not different from normal females |
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Term
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Definition
| two X's and one Y; undersized external male genitals; low sex drive bc deficient hormone production from testes; males tend to be tall w/ feminized body type (breast dev, rounded body) |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
| chromosomally normal males insensitive to testosterone; develop female external genitals, so usually not discovered until absence of period at older age; female gender i.d. |
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Term
| Fetally Androgenized Females |
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Definition
| chromosomally normal females prenatally exposed to excessive androgens; enlarged clitoris resembles penis and fused labia resembles scrotum; i.d. as female and treated w/ surgery/hormone therapy; high discomfort w/ female sex assignment |
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Term
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Definition
| normal XY male develops externals of female bc of defect that prevents conversion of testosterone into DHT; so i.d.'d at birth as female; at puberty there's accelerated testosterone pro. that reverses DHT deficency and externals enlarge into male genitals; rapid transformation- most make gender i.d. switch from female to male |
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Term
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Definition
| in addition to biological factors, social and cultural models influence what we're exposed to and our i.d. of gender roles |
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Term
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Definition
| acknowledge of interaction of both nature and nurture; baby x |
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Term
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Definition
| gender i.d. is opposite of their biological sex; anatomical male feel they are a woman who have male genitals, but want to be socially i.d.'d as female |
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Term
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Definition
| unhappiness w/ one's biological sex/gender role |
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Term
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Definition
| a paraphilia where a person is sexually aroused by thought/image of oneself as female |
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Term
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Definition
| people whose appearance/behavior doesn't conform to traditional gender roles; often involves cross dressing |
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Term
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Definition
| attracted to males; men who cross- dress and assume female role to attract men or entertain |
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Term
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Definition
| men who may have urges to be female but are content to live male role but may cross dress or socialize as a women; women who have masculine qualities (sometimes complete male i.d) but never get sex reassignment |
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Term
| transgendered vs transvestite |
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Definition
| transgendered cross dress to get psychosocial gratification while transvestite cross dress to obtain sexual satisfaction |
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Term
| transgendered vs transsexual |
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Definition
| transgendered don't change physical body while transsexual often get surgical reassignment to align w/ gender i.d. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 extensive screening interviews; 2 adapt to wanted lifestyle for a year of longer; 3 hormone therapy to accentuate wanted traits for a year or longer; 4 sex change surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which our society conveys behavioral expectations to the individual; parents, peers, schools/books, tv/media, religion |
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Term
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Definition
| blending of typical male and female behaviors in one individual; Bem Androgyny scale- Kinsey; sexuality on a spectrum, not a category |
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Term
| Sternberg's traingular theory of love |
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Definition
| passion, intimacy, and commitment are 3 love components; passion builds then fades but intimacy and commitment continue to build; passion alone= infatuation, intimacy alone= friendship, commitment alone= empty love |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis that relationship success is influenced by compatibility in styles of loving; romantic, game- playing, compassionate, possessive, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones released by body that create physiological responses (ie: dopamine, oxytocin) |
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Term
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Definition
| proximity; similarity; reciprocity; physical attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| infant and parent; adult lovers; adult attachments are influenced by our attachment to caregiver in infancy |
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Term
| Attachment styles (Ainsworth) |
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Definition
| (1) Securely attached vs insecurely attached: (2) anxious-ambivalent and (3) avoidant |
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Term
| sexual orientation attitudes about love and sex |
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Definition
| gay men are more likely than lesbians to separate love from sex; lesbians more likely to postpone sex until intimacy has been established |
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Term
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Definition
| supportive communication, companionship, and sexual expression |
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Term
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Definition
| underlying knowledge that each partner in a relationship cares for the other and knows that the care is reciprocated |
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Term
| non- verbal sex communication |
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Definition
| facial expressions; interpersonal distance (spatial cues); touching; sounds |
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Term
| Gottman's constructive communication |
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Definition
1 leveling: state thoughts/feelings clearly and honestly
2 editing: don't say hurtful things and limit comments to info relevant to issue at hand
3 validating: tell other partner you understand why they feel that way
4 volatile dialogue: some degree of conflict is essential to long- term happiness |
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Term
Gottman's destructive communication
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
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Definition
1 criticism: attacks other persons character; different from complaining, which can be healthy and allows for expression of frustration and i.d's issues
2 contempt: more degrading than criticism; adds insult/sarcasm
3 defensiveness: occurs when person feels personally attacked
4 stonewalling: doesn't respond at all; refuses to communicate...
& belligerence: confrontational; purposefully provokes diminishing interaction |
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Term
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Definition
1 start w/ something positive
2 use "I" statements- don't assume what you perceive is only possibility
3 don't make assumptions about other person's perspective
4 state request clearly; acknowledge concessions that may be granted |
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Term
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Definition
| unlike celibacy which is chosen, this is an intrinsic part of a person; still affectionate, just not sexual; may masturbate, but no interest in partnered sexual expression |
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Term
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Definition
| variability in same sex and other- sex attraction/involvement at different times and in different situations throughout the lifespan; much greater for women than men |
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Term
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Definition
| homosexual behavior due to unsatisfying experiences as a heterosexual |
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Term
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Definition
| current homosexuals are that way bc they were seduced by older men; believe in the contagion myth: homosexual teachers shouldn't teach in schools bc of fear that pupils may "catch it" |
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Term
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Definition
| one's relationship w/ father and mother are crucial in psychosocial development; all children pass through "homoerotic phase"- boys become fixated in this phase if poor relationship w/ father & overly close reL w mother-- same for women if they dev penis envy; (same sex exploration when young is normal/part of dev); but freud's been disproved and no particular family dynamic is specific to homo/hetero dev |
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Term
twin studies
compare fraternal vs identical twins |
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Definition
| identical twins have identical genetic material; if a trait has more likeness bw identicals than w/ fraternals, then it's linked to biological influences; so the higher likeness rates for identical vs fraternal indicates a biological/genetic influence (but direct cause still under speculation) |
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Term
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Definition
| recent movement that helps homosexuals cope w/ negative societal attitudes towards homosexuality; important bc it i.d's the issue of acceptance w/ society, not the homosexual individual |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 self- acknowledgment; 2 self- acceptance; 3 disclosure (outing vs passing- false image of heterosexuality) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1969 NYC police raided gay bar and a riot ensued; catalyst for formation of gay rights and gay pride week |
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Term
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Definition
| to increase the quality of sperm ejaculate daily; to increase # of sperm ejaculate every other day |
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Term
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Definition
| damaged or enlarged vein in the testis or vas deferens; accounts for male infertility |
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Term
| intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
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Definition
| single sperm is injected into an egg; one type of artificial insemination |
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Term
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Definition
| type of artificial insemination; mature eggs are removed from ovary and fertilized (2-3 days) by sperm in lab dish; first was in england 1978 |
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Term
| zygote intrafallopian transfer |
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Definition
| variation of IVF; egg fertilized in lab and then put in fallopian tube |
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Term
| gamete intrafallopian transfer |
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Definition
| variation of IVF; sperm and ovum are placed directly in fallopian tube, so more natural than zygote intrafallopian; more of just assisting in the process |
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Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
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Definition
| hormone that is detectable in the blood and urine of pregnant women w/in 1 month of conception; doctor can tell up to 7 days after implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| miscarriage; spontaneous expulsion of fetus from uterus during first 20 weeks of pregnancy, before it can survive on its own (age of viability) |
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Term
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Definition
| fetus dies after age of viability (20 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-7 weeks; RU 486; a few days after a second medication is taken to provoke uterus to contract and expel embryonic sac |
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Term
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Definition
| 7-13 weeks; cervix is dilated and tube w/ vacuum draws out fetal tissue/placenta/uterine lining |
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Term
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Definition
| 13-21 weeks; most common procedure; curette (metal instrument) and suction equip. used |
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Term
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Definition
| > 21 weeks; hormones used to induce uterine contractions and fetal expulsion for 2nd trimester abortions |
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Term
| late- term abortion (intact dilation and evacuation) |
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Definition
| 20-24 weeks; when serious health risks to woman or severe fetal abnormalities exist; congress put a ban on this and SC upheld it- 1st ever federal ban on medical procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| 1973; legalized women's right to terminate pregnancy before fetus has reached age of viability (about 6 mos. into pregancy or 24 weeks, ie: late term abortion) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1977; restricted use of federal medicaid funds for abortions; so low- income women can't afford abortions anymore; planned parenthood doesn't receive funding anymore bc of this |
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Term
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Definition
| around 5 days after fertilization when zygote starts having multiple cells implant |
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Term
| 1st trimester development |
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Definition
| heartbeat at 9-10 weeks after last period; 2nd month: spinal canal, arms, lets, eyes, fingers/toes; 3rd month: internal organs, 3 inch fetus |
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Term
| 2nd trimester development |
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Definition
| sex of fetus distinguishable; external body parts (eyebrows, fingernails, eyelashes); skin covered w/ down- like hair; growth in size; movements that mother can feel; by the end fetus has opened eyes |
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Term
| 3rd trimester development |
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Definition
| size and strength increase; down- like hair gone; smoother skin; covered in vernix caseosa- protective creamy/waxy substance |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to wall of fetus; responsible for waste elimination, oxygen, and nutrients for fetus |
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Term
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Definition
1st stage: 10-16 hours; bloody show, water breaks; thinning of cervix; slight dilation
2nd stage: starts once fully dilated at 10 cm; 30 min-2 hours; infant descends thru vagina; ends w/ delivery of baby
3rd stage: begins w/ deliver of baby; 20-30 min; placenta pushed out; ends w/ delivery of placenta 'afterbirth' |
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Term
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Definition
| consideration; communiation; consistency; correct use |
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Term
forms of contraception
(hormonal methods vs barrier methods) |
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Definition
hormonal: pill; patch; ring; shot; implanon; plan b
barrier: IUD; female/male condom |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial; most prevalent STI; thru sexual contact or from one body site to another by fingers; infertility/sterility; trachoma (leading cause of blindness); infection of mucosa of lower (itching/burning, discharge) or upper (pain, fever, headache, nausea) reproductive tract; men: epididymitis- heavy testis and small, hard painful swelling in testis, inflamed scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial infection; attacks cervix; green/yellow discharge; men: cloudy discharge, burning urination, painful swelling in scrotum; 2nd most reported STI; "the clap"; can cause blindness in infants |
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Term
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Definition
| any inflammation of urethra not caused by gonorrhea; caused by bacteria through coitus; itching, burning, dishcarge; occurs more often than gonorrhea in men |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial infection; increase recently due to MSM; transmitted from open lesions of infected person to mucous membranes or skin abrasions of sex partners; can transmit to child through placenta, but if treated 4 mos. before pregnancy fetus not affected; primary: red, painless chancre, heals in 3-6 weeks if treated; 2ndary: after 6 weeks, turns into rash, flu- like symptoms; latent stage: may be observable symptoms, can last for several years; tertiary: no treatment during first 3 stages- heart failure, blindness, paralysis, liver damage, death |
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Term
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Definition
| viral infection; through sexual contact including kissing; painful red bumps develop into blisters that rupture and form sores; risk for cervical cancer, HIV; newborn infected during delivery may die; c-section for women w/ active herpes; no cure, anti- viral drugs may reduce recurring attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| viral infection; HPV; most common viral STI; transmitted even when no warts evident; soft cauliflower- like warts or dry, yellow- gray hard warts; majority of people have no symptoms; no cure; removal of warts, recurrence likely; vaccine for 4 types; tree man |
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Term
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Definition
| viral infection; 3 types: A&B (transmitted sexually) and C (blood- contaminated needles, most threatening); few/none symptoms; yellowed whites of eyes/skin, flu- like; liver cancer, death; vaccines for A&B; antiviral combo may help C |
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Term
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Definition
| vaginal infection; foul smelling, thin flour- paste discharge, irritation/burning; most men have no symptoms; treat w/ antibiotics, gel/cream |
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Term
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Definition
| vaginal infection; 2nd most common vag. infection in america; white, cottage- cheese like discharge, itching/sore tissue; confused w/ other infections; treat w/ vaginal suppositories or creams |
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Term
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Definition
| copious, odorous, frothy, white or yellow- green discharge; inflamed, irritated, itchy, sore; may increase risk of cervical cancer; treat both partners w/ oral flagyl; topical cream |
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Term
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Definition
| ectoparasitic infections; "crabs"; quite common; associated w/ presence of other STI's; little to sever itchiness; treat w/ lotion/cream; launder clothes/sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| ectoparasitic infection; highly contagious; can't be seen w/ naked eye; small, pimple- like bumps, red rash around primary lesion; intense itchiness esp. at night; tread w/ topical scabicide; launder clothes/sheets |
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Term
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus); targets and destroys helper T-4 cells; HIV becomes AIDS when CD-4 count < 200 cells per microliter of blood; CD-4 are lymphocytes, or T-4 cells, which coordinate immune system response to disease; women are fastest growing population w/ HIV; 2/3rd of all infected live in sub- saharan africa |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in any bodily fluid; mother- to child transmission; likelihood greatest when HIV transmitted directly to blood; brief flu- like symptoms that progress; no cure/vaccine; combination drug therapy w/ highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) best results |
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Term
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Definition
| culture determines gender role; she went and observed other societies and found there are different interpretations of what is masculine/feminine result from different processes of social learning |
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Term
| Money long- term case studies |
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Definition
| psychosexually neutral at birth and social- learning experiences are the essential determinants of gender i.d. and gender- role behavior; various studies of intersexed children born w/ ambiguous external genitals who are assigned a particular sex and reared accordingly- assigned most as female bc much easier to surgically reconstruct female form; followed children over the years and most developed gender i.d. consistent w/ the way they were reared |
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Term
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Definition
| followed- up Money's case study; some children treated by Money had serious problems adjusting to the gender assigned to them; ie: 2 identical boys case (circumcision accident, so made female, changed to male when he was 14) |
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Term
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Definition
| another follow- up of Money and often over- looked; another situation where boy had circumcision incident, raised as female, interviewed at age 16 & 26- bisexual and tomboyish- but maintained female gender i.d.; proved we can't assume gender neutrality at birth; continuing controversy over sex reassignment at birth for intersexed children |
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