1. Pulmonary malignant tumor.
2. Mediastinal Malignant tumor.
3. Infextion.
4. B9 tms.
5. Retrosternal thyroid.
6. Mediastinal hematoma.
7. Sarcoidosis.
8. Radiation Fibrosis.

1. Slow growing primary pleural neoplasm.
2. Accounts for < 5% of pleural neoplasms.
3. Not associated with asbestos exposure.
4. Most, 70%, arise from the visceral pleura.

An eparterial bronchus is positioned above the ipsilateral PA.

A hyparterial bronchus is located below the ipsilateral PA.

What is situs solitus?

What type of tracheobronchial anantomy?

Situs refers to the "sidedness" of the viscera.

Situs solitus is normal situs.

Eparterial right mainstem bronchus (bronchus lies above the PA.)

Hyparterial left mainstem bronchus (LMSB lies below the LPA.)

Situs inversus is "reverse of normal situs."

Left mainstem bronchus is eparterial (bronchus above PA.)

Right mainstem bronchus is hyparterial (bronchus below PA.)

What is heterotaxy?

Polysplenia?

Asplenia?

Situs Ambiguous?

Heterotaxy is a collection of syndromes with situs ambiguous where the situs is neither solitus nor inversus.

1. Polysplenia pts have multiple spleens and bilateral left sidedness (bilateral hyparterial bronchi.)
2. Asplenia pts have no spleen and bilateral right sidedness (bilateral eparterial bronchi.)

Triad:

1. Situs Inversus.
2. Chronic Sinusitis and/or Nasal Polyposis.
3. Bronchiectasis.

Autosomal recessive ciliary dysfunction (primary ciliary dyskinesia.)

50% of pts with ciliary dyskinesia will have Kartagener S.