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Chest and Lung
anatomy
49
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
02/23/2015

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Cards

Term
why do a chest x-ray PA instead of AP
Definition
because the most important structures in the chest sit anteriorly and you want those as close to the IR as possible to decrease part-film distance
Term
why do you want the heart as close to the IR as possible
Definition
to decrease the magnification to make sure the heart borders are sharp
Term
why is the lateral taken routinely with the PA
Definition
to localize lung lesion,m which may be hidden behind the heart or the diaphragm
Term
what does decubitus mean
Definition
lying down
Term
why would you do a decubitus view
Definition
to identify fluid int he pleural space(pleural effusion): always collects in the lowest portion of the chest
Term
what is the hilum
Definition
a bridge-like structure in the mediastinum that connects each lung
Term
lobes and fissures of the right lung
Definition
three lobes: upper, middle, lower
two fissures: horizontal, oblique
Term
lobes and fissures of the left lung
Definition
two lobes: upper, lower
one fissure: oblique
Term
what is the lingua
Definition
a tongue-like portion of the left upper lobe that 'licks' the left heart border
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
thin layer of tissue covering the lungs
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
thin layer of tissue covering the interior of the chest wall and diaphragm
Term
describe the diaphragm
Definition
made up of the left and right hemi-diaphragm, dome-like, right side is higher because of the liver
Term
where is the apex of the heart
Definition
it points down and to the left
Term
how many ribs indicates a deep inspiration
Definition
9 ribs
Term
how can you tell if a chest x-ray is underexposed or too white
Definition
if the spine cannot be seen behind the heart
Term
how can you tell if a chest x-ray is overexposed or too black
Definition
if the vessels in the lungs cannot be seen
Term
what is a silhouette sign
Definition
a water density process in the lung such as pneumonia
Term
what is a kerly B sign
Definition
small horizontal which lines seen in the periphery (lateral) part of the lungs. water densities that always extend to the pleura (result of pulmonary edema or CHF)
Term
what is a snow ball sign used to determine
Definition
whether a peripheral mass or nodule arises from the lung or from a surrounding structure
Term
snowball sign, flattened
Definition
mass or nodule arising from a surrounding structure
Term
snowball sign, before impact
Definition
mass or nodule localized in the lung
Term
what are the 4 lung disease patterns
Definition
intersitial, air space disease, honeycomb, and miliary
Term
what is interstitial pattern?
Definition
chicken scratch, innumerable thin white lines randomly distributed
Term
what is air space disease
Definition
pattern of white opacity which results from the presence of fluid density
Term
what is air space disease also called
Definition
consolidation
Term
what does honeycomb pattern look like
Definition
honeycomb and it often signifies long standing interstitial lung disease and irreversible scarring
Term
what does the miliary pattern look like
Definition
pellet size white dots appearing diffusely in both lungs, often seen in miliary TB
Term
when does an aortic laceration usually occur
Definition
in a significant trauma (MVA) where there is blood collecting near the aortic arch
Term
how do you know if a heart is enlarged
Definition
if its largest transverse measurement is greater than half of the width of the chest
Term
what can cause an enlarged heart
Definition
cardiomegaly=> CHF, or cardiomyopathy (incompetent cadiac valves or muscles)
pericardial effusion (fluid in the cavity)
Term
what type of pattern does pneumonia cause
Definition
too white, focal or air space disease, often caused by bacterial infection
Term
what is primary TB
Definition
a bacterial infection that usually results in an air space disease of one of the lower lobes, pleura effusions, or hilar lymph node enlargement
Term
what is secondary TB
Definition
also called reactivation TB is characterized by air space disease in an upper lobe which often progresses to scarring and cavity formation
Term
what is atalectasis
Definition
lung collapse, loss of volume, air is resorbed from lungs, alveoli no longer contain air
Term
what are the three main causes of atalectasis
Definition
obstruction, compression, and traction
Term
what does a lung cavity look like
Definition
thick white soft tissue density ring with a dark air density center
Term
what is the most common cause of cavities
Definition
abscesses
Term
what is a pleural effusion
Definition
a collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura
Term
what are the three types of effusions
Definition
hemothorax, pleural effusion, and empyema
Term
where is the deepest part of the lung where fluid collects
Definition
posterior castrophrenic angles (lateral view is best)
Term
what is CHF
Definition
when the heart becomes unable to pump out the same amount of blood that it is recieving resulting in cardiomegaly
Term
what is a nodule
Definition
round white fluid density less than 3 cm
Term
what is a mass
Definition
round white fluid density greater than 3 cm
Term
what is a pneumothorax
Definition
air pbetween the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
Term
what does a pneumothorax look like
Definition
a black crescent over the apex of the lung with no white lung markings (should be taken during expiration)
Term
what is emphysema
Definition
chronic airway obstruction resulting in destruction of alveoli
Term
what does emphysema look like
Definition
increased lung density (too black), flattening of the diaphragm due to hyperinflation
Term
what causes a diaphragm rupture
Definition
significant trauma, usually on the left side, stomach, spleen, and large bowel may herniate through tear
Term
what is a hiatus hernia
Definition
stomach into mediastinum through esophageal hiatus
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