Term
| why do a chest x-ray PA instead of AP |
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Definition
| because the most important structures in the chest sit anteriorly and you want those as close to the IR as possible to decrease part-film distance |
|
|
Term
| why do you want the heart as close to the IR as possible |
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Definition
| to decrease the magnification to make sure the heart borders are sharp |
|
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Term
| why is the lateral taken routinely with the PA |
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Definition
| to localize lung lesion,m which may be hidden behind the heart or the diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would you do a decubitus view |
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Definition
| to identify fluid int he pleural space(pleural effusion): always collects in the lowest portion of the chest |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bridge-like structure in the mediastinum that connects each lung |
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Term
| lobes and fissures of the right lung |
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Definition
three lobes: upper, middle, lower
two fissures: horizontal, oblique |
|
|
Term
| lobes and fissures of the left lung |
|
Definition
two lobes: upper, lower
one fissure: oblique |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tongue-like portion of the left upper lobe that 'licks' the left heart border |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of tissue covering the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of tissue covering the interior of the chest wall and diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
| made up of the left and right hemi-diaphragm, dome-like, right side is higher because of the liver |
|
|
Term
| where is the apex of the heart |
|
Definition
| it points down and to the left |
|
|
Term
| how many ribs indicates a deep inspiration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell if a chest x-ray is underexposed or too white |
|
Definition
| if the spine cannot be seen behind the heart |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell if a chest x-ray is overexposed or too black |
|
Definition
| if the vessels in the lungs cannot be seen |
|
|
Term
| what is a silhouette sign |
|
Definition
| a water density process in the lung such as pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small horizontal which lines seen in the periphery (lateral) part of the lungs. water densities that always extend to the pleura (result of pulmonary edema or CHF) |
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|
Term
| what is a snow ball sign used to determine |
|
Definition
| whether a peripheral mass or nodule arises from the lung or from a surrounding structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass or nodule arising from a surrounding structure |
|
|
Term
| snowball sign, before impact |
|
Definition
| mass or nodule localized in the lung |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 lung disease patterns |
|
Definition
| intersitial, air space disease, honeycomb, and miliary |
|
|
Term
| what is interstitial pattern? |
|
Definition
| chicken scratch, innumerable thin white lines randomly distributed |
|
|
Term
| what is air space disease |
|
Definition
| pattern of white opacity which results from the presence of fluid density |
|
|
Term
| what is air space disease also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does honeycomb pattern look like |
|
Definition
| honeycomb and it often signifies long standing interstitial lung disease and irreversible scarring |
|
|
Term
| what does the miliary pattern look like |
|
Definition
| pellet size white dots appearing diffusely in both lungs, often seen in miliary TB |
|
|
Term
| when does an aortic laceration usually occur |
|
Definition
| in a significant trauma (MVA) where there is blood collecting near the aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| how do you know if a heart is enlarged |
|
Definition
| if its largest transverse measurement is greater than half of the width of the chest |
|
|
Term
| what can cause an enlarged heart |
|
Definition
cardiomegaly=> CHF, or cardiomyopathy (incompetent cadiac valves or muscles)
pericardial effusion (fluid in the cavity) |
|
|
Term
| what type of pattern does pneumonia cause |
|
Definition
| too white, focal or air space disease, often caused by bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bacterial infection that usually results in an air space disease of one of the lower lobes, pleura effusions, or hilar lymph node enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called reactivation TB is characterized by air space disease in an upper lobe which often progresses to scarring and cavity formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lung collapse, loss of volume, air is resorbed from lungs, alveoli no longer contain air |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main causes of atalectasis |
|
Definition
| obstruction, compression, and traction |
|
|
Term
| what does a lung cavity look like |
|
Definition
| thick white soft tissue density ring with a dark air density center |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a pleural effusion |
|
Definition
| a collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of effusions |
|
Definition
| hemothorax, pleural effusion, and empyema |
|
|
Term
| where is the deepest part of the lung where fluid collects |
|
Definition
| posterior castrophrenic angles (lateral view is best) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the heart becomes unable to pump out the same amount of blood that it is recieving resulting in cardiomegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round white fluid density less than 3 cm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round white fluid density greater than 3 cm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air pbetween the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| what does a pneumothorax look like |
|
Definition
| a black crescent over the apex of the lung with no white lung markings (should be taken during expiration) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic airway obstruction resulting in destruction of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what does emphysema look like |
|
Definition
| increased lung density (too black), flattening of the diaphragm due to hyperinflation |
|
|
Term
| what causes a diaphragm rupture |
|
Definition
| significant trauma, usually on the left side, stomach, spleen, and large bowel may herniate through tear |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach into mediastinum through esophageal hiatus |
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