Term
| Quinupristin/Dalfopristin |
|
Definition
| For Gram positive (staph, strep. enterococcus) that are Vancomycin resistant. Give IV. Pain, arthralgia, and thrombophlebitis are common. |
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Term
|
Definition
| For gram positives that are vancomycin resistant. Broader spectrum than Quinupristin/Dalfopristin. Give orally. Reversible thrombocytopenia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Analogs of PABA, block synthesis of Folic Acid. Crystalize in acidic urine, broad spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Give with a Sulfa, which blocks PABA, for sequential inhibition. |
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Term
| Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) |
|
Definition
| Metabolized to 5-FU by fungi. Blocks nucleic acid synthesis. Oral, excreted unmetabolized. Depresses bone marrow, GI upset. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Urinary tract antiseptic. Resistance is rare. Damages DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decomposes in water to formaldehyde, especially in acidic conditions, i.e. urine. Broad spectrum. DO NOT MIX WITH SULFONAMIDES |
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Term
|
Definition
| Guanosine nucleoside analog. Good vs. Herpes, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus. Chain terminator, give oral or topical, goes to CSF. (Metabolized by viral kinases, which activate it's chain terminating properties) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Guanosine nucleoside analog. Good vs Herpes and CMV. Given orally. TERATOGENIC, affects bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thymidine analog, good vs Herpes (DNA viruses). Incorporated into DNA. Very toxic, use only topically, ex. for conjuctivitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine analog. Good for DNA viruses. Given with Acyclovir sometimes. Chain terminator. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine analog. Given orally as a pro-drug. Inhibits viral polymerase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specific for Influenza A. Inhibits proton channel M2, prevents acidification of vesicle and uncoating of virus. Some CNS problems in 1/3 or patients. High resistance rates |
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Term
|
Definition
| Treatment and prevention of Influenza A. Inhibits viral neuraminidase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Treatment and prevention of Influenza A and B. Targets viral neuraminidase. Taken as an inhaled powder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for Hepatitis B & C. Block penetration, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis. Usually use alpha (cells make beta) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cytosine analog. Targets Hepatitis B, inhibits DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Taken as a powder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cytosine analog. Targets Hepatitis B, inhibits DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Taken as a powder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thymidine analog. Blocks reverse transcriptase (good vs HIV), taken orally. Causes fatigue, anemia. Metabolized by liver, renal excretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Purine nucleoside analog (adenosine), blocks reverse transcriptase (good vs HIV) Given orally with an antacid. Can cause peripheral neuropathy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (good for HIV). Given orally, but can cause liver toxicity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Given orally, some CNS toxicity in half of patients (abnormal dreams, impaired concentration) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Viral protease inhibitor. Causes liver toxicity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, fat redistribution |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits fusion of HIV with CD4+ cells. Expensive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to CCR5 co-receptor on CD4+ T cells, blocking HIV. No effect on CXCR4 receptor. Oral. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody that targets HER2 gene. For breast cancer. Loss of gene PTEN predicts resistance to treatment with Trastuzumab. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody for B-Cell lymphoma. Targets a surface Ag. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor, for chronic myeloid leukemia. Can cause neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocks growth signals mediated by tyrosine kinase, good against TK associated with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Good for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antibody, targets Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Anti-cancer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors, act on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF), anti-cancer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| siRNA- breakdown of target mRNA. miRNA - interferes with translation |
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Term
|
Definition
| An alkylating agent, most effective in patients with methylated MGMT (an enzyme that repairs alkylation damage to DNA) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Important metabolite for monitoring prostate cancer cell activity: measure of aggresiveness |
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Term
|
Definition
| Serotonin receptor antagonist, prevents nausea and vomiting due to cancer chemotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Serotonin receptor antagonist, prevents nausea and vomiting due to cancer chemotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| A corticosteroid that prevents nausea and vomiting due to cancer chemotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alkylating agent, good vs. chronic leukemias, least toxic alkylating drug (ergo, good for chronic conditions) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alkylating cancer chemotherapy, requires metabolic activation in liver. Causes some liver toxicity and requires a normal liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alkylating cancer chemotherapy. Lipid soluble, goes to CNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alkylating cancer chemotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Folic acid analog (antimetabolite). Cycle active- affects DNA synthesis, kills replicating cells. Can not be administered if renal function is impaired. (Similar to trimethoprim, but works on mammals). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can 'rescue' methotrexate-induced host toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Purine analog- inhibits purine nucleotide synthesis. Cancer chemotherapy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Purine analog. Metabolism required. Cancer chemotherapy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pyrimidine analog. Cancer chemotherapy. Causes hair loss. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pyrimidine analog, cancer chemotherapy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-cycle active, pyrimidine analog. Metabolism required. Inhibits DNA synthesis and DNA template activity. Good vs. a variety of solid tumors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pro-drug, metabolized to fluorouracil |
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Term
|
Definition
| Competitive inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase- results in higher plasma levels of fluorouracil than protracted IV fluorouracil |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocks microtubule formation and mitosis (cycle active). Cancer chemotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits mitosis, cycle active, for acute leukemia. CNS toxic. (A VincaAlkyloid) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits mitosis (metaphase arrest) cycle active. For Hodgkins disease, testicular tumors, solid tumors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits RNA synthesis, NON-cycle active. Very toxic. (Cancer chemotherapy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes DNA strand breaks. Non-cycle active. For testicular cancer, lymphomas, solid tumors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocks RNA synthesis, non-cycle active, CNS tumors. Cardiac toxicity and hair loss. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alkylating agent, for solid tumors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antiestrogen, blocks estrogen mediated cell division. Metabolized in liver to active form by CYP2D6, which also metabolizes Paxil and Prozac- don't give w/ those drugs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anti-androgen, for metastatic prostate cancer. Life prolonging, oral drug. May cause gyenecomastia. |
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Term
Cisplatin
[image]
[image]
[image] |
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Definition
| Similar to alkylating agents. Prevents cell division, renal toxicity. Given IV. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits peptidoglycan formation, narrow spectrum (G+), nephrotoxic and causes hearing loss. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Topical, use for G+, inhibits peptidoglycan formation. Can be used for GI infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low acid stability, sensitive to penicillinase, narrow spectrum. Given by shot. |
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|
Term
| Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (Pen V) |
|
Definition
| High acid stability, sensitive to penicillinase, narrow spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low acid stability, not sensitive to penicillinase, narrow spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| High acid stability, no penicillinase sensitivity, narrow spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low acid stability, no penicillinase sensitivity, narrow spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. High acid stability, sensitive to penicillinase (but protected by clavulanic acid). Broad spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low acid stability, sensitive to penicillinase, broad spectrum |
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|
Term
| Piperacillin + Tazobactam |
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Definition
| Low acid stability, sensitive to penicillinase (protected by Tazobactam), broad spectrum |
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|
Term
| Which Penicillins are penicillinase resistant? |
|
Definition
| Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Cloxacillin are narrow spectrum, and penicillinase resistant |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not orally administered penicillin |
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Term
|
Definition
| New, broad spectrum penicillin. Given IV. Some bone marrow suppression. |
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|
Term
| Which antibiotics are effective against anaerobes? |
|
Definition
| Piperacillin, Clindamycin, Imipenem (a carbapenem) and 3rd generation cephalosporins |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1st gen Cephalosporins. Similar to broad spectrum penicillins |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 3rd gen. cephalosporins. Good vs. anaerobes. More effective against G- than G+, also distribute to CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4th gen cephalosporin. Renal toxicity, never give a cephalosporin with an aminoglycoside |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbapenem. VERY broad spectrum. Must be given IV with cillistatin to prevent renal degredation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbapenem. VERY broad spectrum. Must be given IV with cillistatin to prevent renal degredation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbapenem. VERY broad spectrum. Must be given with Cillistatin to prevent renal degradation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Broad for G-, but also good for G+ staph. infections. Given IV. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disrupts cell membrane (bacteriocidal). Nephrotoxic, topical use only. Narrow spectrum, G-, resistance is rare. Good for Pseuodmonas |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to ergosterol receptors on cell membrane. Very nephrotoxic. Given IV. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to ergosterol on cell membrane. Antifungal. Very nephrotoxic, topical use only. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits 14-alpha-sterol demethylase. Anti-fungal specific. Does not got to CNS, given orally. Decreases steroid biosynthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits 14-alpha-sterol demethylase. Low gastric pH enhances absorption. No CNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits 14-alpha-sterol demethylase. Does go to CNS. Anti-fungal. Azole antifungals can inhibit cyp450 metabolism of other drugs, may cause anorexia, vomiting. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits squalene epoxidase. Can't combine w/ Amphotericin B because it reduces ergosterol. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolized to 5-FU by fungi. Suppresses bone marrow. |
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|
Term
| Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin |
|
Definition
| Fluoroquinolones. Inhibit bacterial gyrases and topoisomerases. Good vs G- bacilli (not anaerobes). Active in urine, good for UTIs. Cartilage damage- not for kids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits RNA polymerase, blocks initiation. More effective vs G+. Turns fluids orange. Renal excretion, cannot give if person has renal insufficiency. Increases metabolism of other drugs, especially anticoagulants. TERATOGENIC |
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Term
|
Definition
| Damages bacterial DNA. Metabolized to active form. Resistance is rare. Turns urine brown. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit protein synthesis. Good for G- bacilli, and Staph. Renal toxicity, especially if given w/ a Cephalosporin. Ototoxicity (CN VIII). Blocks NMJ. Good hydration to avoid toxicity. Use for pseudomonas or klebdiella. May induce biofilms. |
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|
Term
| What are the four aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decrease protein synthesis and inhibit tRNAs. Can cause discoloration of teeth and phototoxicity. Also kill normal flora, can lead to superinfection. Bind to 30s subunit. |
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|
Term
| Name the four Tetracycline drugs. |
|
Definition
| Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Doxycyline (IV or Oral) and Minocycline (Oral only.) Very broad spectrum, even vs Entamoeba, mycoplasma, chlamydia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Broad spectrum (including rickettsiae). Goes to total body water. Conjugated to glucuronic acid by liver. May cause aplastic anemia or bone marrow suppression. Can cause cardiovascular toxicity in children. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly G+, binds 50s subunit. Injection is painful, oral better. No CNS, not good for UTIs, mild liver toxicity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macrolide (binds 50s subunit) slightly broader than erythromycin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Better than erythromycin, longer half life, broader spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macrolide. Alters taste perception, liver toxicity. Limited to serious respiratory tract infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uricosuric agent, reduces reabsorption of uric acid to prevent gout. Can NOT be given with salicylates, or to people with uric acid kidney stones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uricosuric agent, reduces reabsorption of uric acid to prevent gout. Can NOT be given with salicylates, or to people with uric acid kidney stones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Prevents formation of uric acid, to combat gout. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits xanthine oxidase and uric acid formation. Does not alter acute goute attacks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| For gout. Inhibits activation of leukocytes. Not for use during pregnancy, use with caution in cases of hepatic or renal failure or cardiovascular disease. Anti-inflammatory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to substrates of CD28 (CD80 and CD86)which prevents T cell activation. Inhibits disease progression. Anti-inflammatory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits immune system response to allergens (anti-inflammatory) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to MHC class II molecules and competes with myelin antigens. For Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Anti-inflammatory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to immune cells (anti-inflammatory) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody against CD11a, which is important for PMN migration. Anti-inflammatory. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits synthesis of pyrimidines, decreases lymphocyte proliferation. Liver toxicity, initial hypertension. Anti-inflammatory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits synthesis of purines. Anti-inflammatory. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| IL-1 receptor antagonist (anti-inflammatory) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal AB that acts as an antagonist to IL-6. Anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Adalimumab and Infliximab |
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibodies that bind TNF. Anti-inflammatory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mimics TNF receptor. Anti-inflammatory. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Leukotriene receptor antagonist. For asthma. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Leukotriene receptor inhibitor. For asthma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks synthesis of leukotrienes. Used to treat asthma. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tylenol, COX inhibitor. Analgesic, antipyretic, NOT anti-inflammatory. May cause allergy or HEPATIC NECROSIS. Increases risk of renal failure. No GI irritation or changes to bleeding time. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Induce lipocortin (inhibits phospholipase A2), inhibits APP, inhibits cytokines. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| May cause MI's, or toxic epidermal necrosis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
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|
Term
| Propionic Acid derivatives (ex. Ibuprofen, naproxen, -EN) |
|
Definition
| Reversible inhibition of COX, better tolerated than aspirin. Not for pregnant women. May cause tinnitus, peripheral edema, rash. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prototypical salycilate. Inhibits COX irreversibly. Good for arthritis, pain, fever, bad for children (Reye's syndrome), tinnitus and hearing loss |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tylenol. Good for fever and pain, but not inflammation. Can cause liver necrosis. No GI effects, no increase in bleeding time. |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 antiinflammatory steroids |
|
Definition
| Prednisone, Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| PGE1 analog, given with NSAIDs to minimize adverse GI effects |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antipyretic, pain, inflammation, close ductus arteriousus in infants, treat thromboembolic disorders, prophylaxis for high risk colon cancer |
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|
Term
| Name two proprionic acid derivatives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acetic acid derived NSAID, with high incidence of CNS side effects |
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|
Term
| Name 5 antimetabolites (that block purine synthesis [2]and pyrimidine synthesis [3]) |
|
Definition
| Purine synthesis: 6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine. Pyrimidine synthesis: 5-FU, cytarabine, gemcitabine. They must be metabolized. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Topical antibiotic for Staph. and Strep. Binds to 50s subunit, inhibits both peptide bond formation and binding of tRNA to ribosome |
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