-can be single, double, or triple bonds

-bonds are always non-polar

-are saturated if all bonds are single

Carbon-Carbon double bond

C=C

1 or more halogen atoms

F,Cl,Br,I

Oxygen atom bonded to 2 carbons

-O-

***Alcohols & Ethers can have the same molecular formula***

Thiol is -SH group

Properties:

-have strong odors

-used to detect gas leaks

-found in onions, oysters, and garlic

A carbonyl group (carbon-oxygen double bond) between carbon atoms

  O  

||

   C-H

Carbonyl group (carbon-oxygen double bond) between carbon atoms

O

||

C

Carboxyl group (C-O double bond between carbon atoms)

O       

||       

C-O-H

A carboxyl group with -H replaced by a Carbon

O   

||   

C-O

Nitrogen atom with one or more carbon groups

-N-

Carboxyl group bonded to nitrogen

O   

||   

C-N

Tetrahedral

bond angles 109.5

Planar (flat molecule)

bond angles 120

Linear

bond angles 180

1. double bone is fixed
2. cis/trans isomers are possible
3. all terminal alkenes (begin or end with a C=CH2) do NOT exist as cis/trans isomers

Properties of Organic Compounds

(C,H, sometimes O,S,N,P) or 

(F,Br,I,Cl)

• mostly covalent bonding
• nonpolar
• melting point usually low
• boiling point usually low
• flammabiliy high
• not soluble in water unless polar group present

Properties of Inorganic Compounds 

(most metals & non metals)

ex: Na & Cl

• Many are ionic, some are covalent
• melting point usually high
• boiling point usually high
• flammability - low
• most are soluable, unless nonpolar

• nonpolar
• insoluable in water
• less dense in water
• flammable in water
• carbons 5-8 makes up gasoline
• boiling pts decrease for branched alkanes
• boiling points increased for cycloalkanes (no bond rotation)

by reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy

• are typically not very reactive due to strong C-C single bonds

Alkane + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy

• have higher melting & boiling points
• are flat that why they are higher points
• para-xylene has a higher melting point than benzene
• ortho & meta-xylene have lower melting points than benzene
• are more dense than other hydrocarbons but less dense than water (halogenated aromatics can be more dense than water, as an haloalkanes)
• insoluble in water and are commonly used as solvents for organic reactions

Alcohols & Phenols

Alcohol:  contains a hydroxyl group -OH attached to a carbon chain

Alcohols with 4 atoms are slightly soluble

Alcohols with 5 or more atoms are not soluble

Phenol: contains a hydroxyl group -OH attached to a benzene ring

• Oxygen has a partially negative charge
• Hydrogen has a partially positive charge
• Hydrogen bonds cannot form between Ether molecules because there are not any polar -OH groups
• Alcohols have higher boiling points than Ethers of the same mass because alcohols require higher temperatures to provide sufficient energy to break many H bonds
• The boiling points of ethers are similar to alkanes because neither can form hydrogen bonds

• reactants add to the carbon atoms in double/triple bonds
• a double/triple bond is easily, broken which makes them very reactive

Hydrogenation

Halogenation

Hydrohalogenation

Hydration

Alkene + H2  

Alkyne + 2H2

the atoms of a hydrogen halide add to the carbon atoms of a double/triple bond

Alkene + Cl2(Br2)

Alkyne + 2Cl2(Br2)

Halogen atoms add to the carbon atoms of a double/triple bond

Hydration

Hydration & Halohydration are the only ones that use Mark's rule

Alkene + H2O    product is alcohol

• an acid (H+) catalyst is required
• water (HOH) adds to a double bond
• an H atom bonds to one C in the double C=C bond
• an -OH bonds to the other C

                              H  H

                              |   |

C=C+H-OH → H+  -C-C

                                     H   OH

                                       |     |

CH3-CH=CH-CH3+H-OH → CH3-CH-CH-CH3

Halogenation - Chlorine or Bromine atom

Nitration - Nitro group (-NO2)

Sulfonation - SO3H group

-an H atom of benzene is replaced by a nitro (NO2) group from HNO3

-an acid catalyst such as H2SO4 is needed

an H atom on benzene is replaced by a -SO3H group from SO3

-an catalyst such as H2SO4 is needed

benzensulfonic acid