All Of The Following Statements Are True Except...

a) laws are statements of relationships that seem to always be the same

b) theories are proven explanations of experiemental observations

c) hypothesis are tentative explanations of experimental observations

d) Laws summarize facts of nature and rarely change

e) theories are unified principles that explain a body of facts

Approximately How Many Elements Are Found In Nature?

90

A Chemical Compound Is...

A pure substance that is composed of two or more different elements

Examples of a Physical Property

odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, boiling point, and density

Examples of Chemical Properties...

Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity, and other characteristics.

Mixture is....

Is a substance comppsed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another

ex. sugar water.

Compound:

A substance composed of two or more elements

When Converting Kelvin to Celcuis

K - 273 = C

When converting Celcius to Kelvin...

C + 273 = K

Distillation

A process in which the mixture is heated to boil off the easily vaporized liquids

Filtration

The mixtured is poured through a funnel

Intensive Property

One that is independent of the amount of the substance. Ex. Density

Extensive Property

One that depends on the amount of the substance

ex. Mass

According to Kinetic Molecular Theory...

Particles in a liquid are close together, but they are not confined to specific positions.

Solution

A Homogenous Mixture of two substances

Accuracy of Measurements

Accurancy is an indicator of how close a measurement is to the correct value

Precision of Measurements

Precision is an indicator of how close two or more measurements are to each other.

Daltons Atomic Theory

1) Matter is composed of Atoms

2) Atoms are Indivisible and Indestructible

3) All atoms of a given element are identical

Both 2 and 3 Were proven wrong

Milikan Oil Experiement

Determined the charge of an electron

Rank Particles from Highest to Lowest Mass

Neutron, Proton, Electron

J. J Thompson

Determined the charge to mass ratio of an electron by deflecting cathode rays with magnetic and electric fields with cathode ray tube. He also created the plum pudding model. Suggested positive charge was inside and electrons were outside

Gamma Rays are..

high energy radiation

Photographic Plates

First evidence for the disintegration of nuclei was obtained

Beta Particles

Are identical to electrons

Alpha Particles

are 7000 times more massive than electrons

After Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment he concluded that..

Atoms are composed of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons

Amu is defined as...

1/12 the mass of one carbon- 12 atoms

Mass Spectrometry

The method used to determine the exact masses of Isotopes and their relative abundance

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

What Element comprises over Three quarters of the Earths atomosphere?

Nitrogen

What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth's Crust?

Oxygen and silicon

Marie Curie

Was the first person to isolate the element polonium, which she named after he native country

Allotropes

Same state of matter. Pure carbon can exisit as a diamond, graphite, and buckerministerfullerene

Mendeleev's

first arranged the periodic table by placing the elements in increasing mass.

Brimestone or Burning Stone are ancient names for what element?

Sulfur

What are the fiour elements comprise approximately 99% of the atoms of the human body?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen

What are the names of the Electromatic Spectrum from Greatest wavelength to Smallest?

Radio, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet Light, X-Ray, Gamma Rays

Name the Electromatic Spectrum from Great Potential Energy to Smallest.

Gamma Rays, X rays, Ultraviolet, Visible Light, Infrared, Microwaves, Radiowaves.

According to the Photoelectric effect, what is the effect of the increasing wavelength of the light that strikes the metal surface?

The energy of the ejected electrons decreases

Electron Diffration

Was the first experiment to show that electrons can have wave properties

Schrodinger Equation

Can be solved to find the probability of finding an electron in a region of space

The "n" Orbital is the

Oribital Size

The "l" Quantum number is associated with

Orbital Shape

"Ml" quantum number is associated with..

Orbital Orientation

Heinsburg Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to simultaneously measure the exact position and momentum of an electron

A node is...

A region of an electron probability density graph where the probability of finding an electron is zero

The lowest energy state of an atom is called

ground state

The orientation of an orbital space is known as

magnetic quantum number

ml

What is a photon?

A massless particle of radiation

The maximum height for a wave is...

amplitude

What evidence does the photoelectric effect provide that photons are not only waves?

Phase of Orbitals is

The sign of the amplitude of the wave, can be positive or negative

Paramagnetic

A substance that contains unpaired electrons is attracted to a magnetic field

Ferromagnetic

Substances that retain their magnetism after they are withdrawn from a magnetic field

The Pauli Exclusion Principle States that

no two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers

Diamagnetic

The state of an atom or ion that contains only paired electrons and is therefore slightly repelled by an external magnetic field.

Ex. Ba

Hunds Rule States

The most stable arrangement of electrons (for ground state configuration) is when there are the maximum number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin.

Ionization Energy

How much energy it takes to remove an electron

Electron Afffinity

How much this element is attracted to an electron. How much does it really want to gain an electron.

IT IS MEASURING ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Excited state is when

n is greater than 1

Bohr's model

Only works for hydrogen

Interference

Interaction between waves

Diamagnetic:

Paramagnetic:

unpaired electrons

paired electrons

Conversion: Kilo- Gram

1g=1*10^3kg

Conversion: Centi-Gram

1g= 1*10^2 cg

Conversion: Mili

1g= 1*10^3mg

Conversion: Micro

1g= 1*10^6

Conversion: Nano

1g=1*10^9

Conversion: Pico

1g=1*10^12

ionization energies

the amount of energy that is required to gain an electron

An Atomic radius is..

Half the distance between two metal atoms in a pure crystal of the metal