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Chemistry study guide
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65
Science
10th Grade
04/10/2013

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Term
Scientific Law
Definition
A description of the natural world that has proven reliable over time.
Term
Atomic theory
Definition
The theory that all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms.
Term
Aufbau Principle
Definition
Electrons in an atom will occupy the lowest energy orbitals available.
Term
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Definition
A maximum of two electrons can occupy each orbital, and these electrons must have different spin quantum numbers.
Term
Electron configuration
Definition
A description of the occupied electron orbitals in an atom.
Term
Principle quantum number
Definition
N, can take the values of 1,2,3,4 and so on.
Term
Quantum number
Definition
A number with certain definite values.
Term
Ground state
Definition
The lowest energy state of a quantized system
Term
Excited state
Definition
The condition of an atom in a higher energy state than ground state.
Term
Frequency
Definition
The number of waves that pass a stationary point in one second.
Term
Azimuthal quantum
Definition
Represented by a lower case "i" this number describes the shape of the electrons path
Term
Magnetic quantum
Definition
Represented by "mę" this number describes where the electron is in relation to the nucleus and other orbitals.
Term
Bohr's model
Definition
Consists of 6 parts. Each part contributes to our understanding of electron behavior. The electrons travel in a circular path around the nucleus and this path is an orbit.
Term
Quantum jump
Definition
A transition in which the electron gains or loses a very specific amount of energy.
Term
Amplitude
Definition
Distance between trough and crest
Term
Wavelength
Definition
Distance between crests. Measured in Meters.
Term
Electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
Radio wave, microwave, infrared, visible, UV, X-rays, Gamma rays
Term
Hertz
Definition
One wave per second, Hz, the unit in which frequency is measured.
Term
Hund's rule
Definition
The most stable arrangement of electrons is that with the maximum number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin quantum number.
Term
Law of conservation of mass
Definition
The products of chemical reaction have the same mass as the reactants
Term
Law of definite proportions
Definition
Any sample of a compound always has the same composition
Term
Law of multiple proportions
Definition
The mass ratio for one of the elements that combines with a fixed mass of another element can be expressed in small whole numbers.
Term
ROYGBIV
Definition
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Term
Niels Bohr
Definition
Danish scientist who wanted to fund the answer to why do elements each produce a unique emission spectrum when energized; he wanted to develop a mathematical model.
Term
Radio waves
Definition
An electromagnetic wave of a frequency between about 104 and 1011 or 1012 Hz, as used for long-distance...
Term
Microwaves
Definition
An electromagnetic wave with a wavelength in the range 0.001–0.3 m. Microwaves are used in radar, in communications, and for heating.
Term
Infrared radiation
Definition
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves.
Term
Visible light
Definition
light: (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation to the human eye
Term
UV radiation
Definition
Form of energy traveling through space
Term
X-rays
Definition
a form of electromagnetic radiation, as is visible light, but with some different characteristics. The important difference is that X rays can penetrate or pass through the human body and produce shadow-like images of structures such as bones, some of the organs, and signs of disease and injury.
Term
Gamma radiation
Definition
They have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Term
Line emission spectrum
Definition
The spectrum of bright lines, bands, or continuous radiation characteristic of and determined by a specific emitting substance subjected to a specific kind of excitation.
Term
Phosphorescence
Definition
Light emitted by a substance without combustion or perceptible heat.
The emission of radiation in a similar manner to fluorescence but on a longer timescale, so that emission continues after excitation ceases.
Term
Electromagnetic radiation
Definition
A kind of radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously.
Term
Solar system model
Definition
a system of planets or other bodies orbiting another star.
Term
John Dalton
Definition
was a British scientist who is known for his work in early atomic theory and research in colour blindness which he had
Term
Democritus
Definition
Believed atoms were indestructible. He named the smallest unit of matter "atom"
Term
Scientific hypothesis
Definition
A reasonable and testable explanation of observations
Term
Scientific theory
Definition
A well-tested explanation of observations
Term
Coefficient
Definition
A numerical or constant quantity placed before and multiplying the variable in an algebraic expression (e.g., 4 in 4x
Term
Subscript
Definition
a letter, figure, or symbol Written or printed below the line.
Term
Photon
Definition
Discrete packets of energy that make up electromagnetic radiation.
Term
Absorption spectrum
Definition
A spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance, showing dark lines or bands due to absorption of specific...
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge
Term
Cation
Definition
A positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
Term
Anion
Definition
A negatively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.
Term
Octet rule
Definition
states that elements gain or lose electrons to attain an electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Here is an explanation of how that works and why elements follow the octet rule.
Term
Isoelectronic
Definition
Having the same numbers of electrons or the same electronic structure.
Term
s orbital
Definition
Spherical shaped
Term
p orbital
Definition
Dumbbell shaped
Term
d orbital
Definition
Donut dumbbell
Term
f orbital
Definition
Double dumbbell
Term
Billiard Ball Model
Definition
The atom is the smallest particle of an element.

The atom is a solid, indestructible unit.

Atoms of different elements have different masses.
Term
J.J. Thomson
Definition
discovered the electron in a series of experiments designed to study the nature of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode-ray tube, an area being investigated by numerous scientists at the tim
Term
Cathode ray
Definition
Positively charged
Term
Plum pudding model
Definition
In 1897 J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged particle more than two thousand times lighter than a hydrogen atom.
Term
Ernest Rutherford
Definition
In 1899 he studied the absorption of radioactivity by thin sheets of metal foil and found two components: alpha (a) radiation, which is absorbed by a few thousandths of a centimeter of metal foil, and beta (b) radiation, which can pass through 100 times as much foil before it was absorbed.
Term
Alpha particle
Definition
A positively charged particle, indistinguishable from a helium atom nucleus and consisting of two protons and two neutrons.
Term
Quantum Mechanical Model
Definition
The quantum mechanical model is based on quantum theory, which says matter also has properties associated with waves.

Uses shapes of orbitals.
Term
Orbital Diagram
Definition
consists of a box representing each orbital and a half arrow representing each electron.
Term
Noble Gas Abbreviation of Electron configuration
Definition
is a description of electron arrangement within an atom, which indicates both population and location of electrons among the various atomic orbitals.
Term
s Block
Definition
Groups 1,2,18
Periods 1-7
Term
p Block
Definition
Groups 13-18
Term
d Block
Definition
Group 3-7
Periods 4-7
Term
f Block
Definition
Lanthanides and actinides
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