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Chemistry Structures and Changes KO
University of Southampton Chemistry SKE
36
Chemistry
10th Grade
06/05/2019

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Cards

Term
What are isotopes?
Definition
Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons (and the same number of protons)
Term
Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical properties?
Definition
Because they have the same number of electrons in the outer shell
Term
How does the boiling point of Group 0 elements change down the group?
Definition
Increases down the group
Term
Explain why group 1 elements get more reactive down the group
Definition
More electrons, more shielding, weaker electrostatic attraction from the nucleus to the outer shell, easier to lose an electron
Term
What type of elements will form ionic bonds?
Definition
Metal + non-metal
Term
What happens to the electrons in an ionic bond?
Definition
They are transferred
Term
If an atom has lost electrons, what charge will it have as an ion?
Definition
Positive
Term
Explain why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid, but do conduct when molten or in solution
Definition
The ions are not free to move and carry charge in a solid, but are free to move and carry charge in solution or when molten
Term
What type of elements will form covalent bonds?
Definition
Non-metal + non-metal
Term
What happens to the electrons in a covalent bond?
Definition
They are shared
Term
Explain why most covalent substances do not conduct electricity
Definition
There are no electrons or ion that are free to move and carry charge
Term
What is a polymer?
Definition
Millions of small molecules joined (bonded) together in a chain to form a large molecule
Term
What happens to the electrons in a metallic bond?
Definition
The outer shell electrons delocalise and form a “sea” of electrons that surrounds the positively charged metal ions
Term
How can metals be placed in order of their reactivity?
Definition
Add the metals to water or acid and see which ones react more vigorously, or try a displacement reaction with another metal.
Term
What is a displacement reaction?
Definition
A reaction in which a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in one of its compounds or solutions.
Term
State the three common acids and give their formulae.
Definition
Hydrochloric acid HCl(aq), sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq) and nitric acid HNO3(aq)
Term
What is a base?
Definition
A metal (or ammonium) oxide, hydroxide or carbonate that will react with and neutralise an acid
Term
What is an alkali?
Definition
An alkali is a soluble base
Term
What is a salt?
Definition
A compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen from an acid is replaced by a metal (or ammonium) e.g. calcium sulfate
Term
What salts are formed by hydrochloric acid?
Definition
Chlorides
Term
What salts are formed by sulfuric acid?
Definition
Sulphates
Term
What salts are formed by nitric acid?
Definition
Nitrates
Term
metal + acid GIVES...
Definition
salt + hydrogen
Term
metal hydroxide + acid GIVES...
Definition
salt + water
Term
metal carbonate + acid GIVES...
Definition
salt + carbon dioxide + water
Term
What 5 factors can affect the rate of a reaction?
Definition
temperature,
surface area of a solid,
concentration of reactants in solution,
pressure of gases,
catalyst
Term
How do you calculate rate of reaction from a graph of amount of product against time?
Definition
Draw a tangent to the curve and find the gradient
Term
What are the units for rate of reaction?
Definition
mol/s
Term
Why does increasing concentration of reactants in solution, increase rate of reaction?
Definition
More particles, therefore more frequent collisions between reactant particles
Term
How do catalysts speed up reactions?
Definition
They provide another route for the reaction to take place which has a lower activation energy
Term
What is a reversible reaction?
Definition
A reaction which can go from reactants to products but also from products to reactants
Term
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Definition
The point in a reversible reaction when the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate
Term
What is the general formulae for alkanes?
Definition
CnH(2n+2)
Term
How does viscosity change with the length of an alkane?
Definition
The longer the alkane, the more viscous (the thicker) it is
Term
Why is cracking important and what are the products?
Definition
Because smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than longer ones. Short alkanes and alkenes
Term
How do you test for an alkene and what colour change would you see?
Definition
React with bromine water which turns from orange to colourless
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