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Chemistry Matter and Change Chap 3 and 4
2005 Edition
41
Chemistry
10th Grade
09/26/2013

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition is called a
Definition

Substance

 

Salt & Pure Water are Substances

 

Salt Water and air are not

Term
Changes to a substance that do not change its composition are known as
Definition
Physical Changes
Term
The temperature and pressure at which a substance undergoes a phase change is a
Definition
Physical Property
Term
A change that involves one or more substances changing into new substances is called a
Definition

chemical change

 

Crushing the grapes is a physical change

 

Fermenting the grapes into wine is a chemical change

Term
What does the Law of conservation of mass state
Definition
Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
Term
A combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties
Definition

Mixture

 

Salt & Water

Sand & Water

 

Term

A mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain dinstinct.

 

Definition

Heterogeneous Mixture

 

 

Hetero means different

 

Sand and Water

Term

A mixture that has constant composition throughout where the substances are equally distributed.

 

 

Definition

Homogeneous Mixture or Solution

 

Homo means same

 

salt & water

Term
A separation technique that is based on differences in the boiling points of substances.  Involves heating a mixture until the substance with the lowest boiling point turns to a vapor and is condensed and collected outside the mixture.
Definition
Distillation
Term
A technique for separating mixtures that uses a porous barrier that only blocks one part of the mixture but allows the other to pass.
Definition
Filtration
Term
A separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles from a solution containing the dissolved substance.
Definition
Crystallization
Term
Separation technique that separates the components of a mixture on the basis of the tendency of eac to travel across the surface of another material.
Definition
Chromatography
Term
What is an element
Definition
A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
Term
A combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically
Definition
Compound
Term
Law of definite proportions
Definition

Regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass.

 

The mass of all the individual components of a compound are added together to get the mass of the compound.

Term
What is the charge and composition of a Proton
Definition
A component of an atom that has a +1 charge and consists of 2 Up Quarks and 1 Down Quark
Term

An Up Quark has what charge?

 

Definition
A fundamental particle with a +2/3 charge that is a component of Protons and Neutrons
Term
A Down Quark has what charge?
Definition
A fundamental particle with a -1/3 charge that is a component of Protons and Neutrons
Term
What is the charge and composition of a Neutron
Definition
A component of an atom that has a 0 charge and consists of two Down Quarks and one Up Quark
Term
What is the charge and composition of a Electron
Definition
A fundamental particle with a -1 charge that is a component of an atom
Term
The number of protons in an element or atom determines its
Definition
Atomic Number
Term
The number of Neutrons in an atom determine its
Definition

Isotope

 

It also determines the stability of the atom

Term
The mass of all the protons and all the neutrons in an atom are added to find its
Definition
Mass Number
Term

Atomic Mass Units

amu

Definition

The mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons are measured in 

 

This measurement is 1/12 the mass of Carbon 12 atoms and is approximatly equal to the mass of 1 proton

Term
The atomic mass of a particular atom is
Definition

the weighted average mass of all the isotopes of that element.

 

(Isotope #1)(Percent abundance of Isotope #1) + (Isotope #2)(Percent abundance of Isotope #2)

Term
Formula to find the Percent abundance of an isotope when you only know the Atomic Mass average and the atomic mass of each of the isotopes
Definition
=Isotope#1(X) - Isotope#2(1-X) = Atomic Mass Average
Term
Reaction in which one element changing into another element
Definition
Nuclear Reaction
Term
Unstable atoms gain stability by losing ____________
Definition
Unstable atoms gain _________ by losing energy
Term
Alpha Radiation
Definition
type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has a +2 charge and consists of 2 Protons & 2 Neutrons
Term
Two Types of Beta Radiation
Definition

Beta Minus Decay ß-

type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has a -1 charge and consists of 1 electron & 1 antineutrino

 

Beta Plus Decay ß+

type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has a +1 charge and consists of 1 Positron & 1 Neutrino

 

 

Term
What is Gamma Radiation
Definition

type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has NO charge and consists of high energy high frequency photons.

 

It is an electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays

 

Term
Radioactive primordial nuclides found in the Earth are
Definition

residues from ancient supernova explosions which occurred before the formation of the solar system. They are the long-lived fraction of radionuclides surviving in the primordial solar nebula through planet accretion until the present.

 

The naturally occurring short-lived radiogenic radionuclides found in rocks are the daughters of these radioactive primordial nuclides. Another minor source of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides are cosmogenic nuclides, formed by cosmic ray bombardment of material in the Earth's atmosphere or crust.

Term
What is Nuclear transmutation
Definition

conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another. In other words, atoms of one element can be changed into atoms of other element 

 

This occurs either through nuclear reactions (in which an outside particle reacts with a nucleus), or through radioactive decay (where no outside particle is needed). 

Term
What occurs during Beta Minus Decay ß-
Definition

A neutron overabundance creates instability.

 

Inside a Neutron a Down Quark changes to an Up Quark which changes the Neutron into a Proton and creates an antineutrino and an electron which are both released from the atom to maintain a conservation of electric charge so the element stays neutral.

 

this causes the element to become an element one place higher on the atomic chart.

 

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Term
What occurs duing Beta Plus ß+
Definition

A neutron shortage creates instability.

 

Inside a Proton an Up Quark changes to an Down Quark which changes the Proton into a Neutron and creates a neutrino and an positron (an electron with a positive charge)  which are both released from the atom to maintain a conservation of electric charge so the element stays neutral.

 

this causes the element to become an element one place lower on the atomic chart.

 

[image]

 

 

Term
What occurs during Alpha Decay
Definition

Alpha decay is one process that unstable atoms can use to become more stable.  Occurs in very large nucleuses (larger than lead)

During alpha decay, an atom's nucleus sheds two protons and two neutrons in a packet that scientists call an alpha particle.

Since an atom loses two protons during alpha decay, it changes from one element to another. For example, after undergoing alpha decay, an atom of uranium (with 92 protons) becomes an atom of thorium (with 90 protons).

The element reduces by two places on the periodic table

 

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