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Chemistry for AP Bio
McGraw-Hill
36
Biology
Not Applicable
04/29/2004

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Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
atom
Definition
smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties
Term
ion
Definition
an atom that has a positive or negative charge
Term
cation
Definition
composed of more protons than electrons, positive charge
Term
anion
Definition
composed of more electrons than protons, negative charge
Term
compounds
Definition
when elements are combined to form entities
Term
organic compounds
Definition
compounds that contain carbon and usually hydrogen

(i.e. carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acid)
Term
Inorganic compounds
Definition
compounds that do not contain carbon

exceptions: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Term
functional groups
Definition
groups responsible for the chemical properties of organic compounds

know structures of these functional groups: amino group (NH2), Carbonyl group - ketone & aldehyde (RCOR), carboxyl group (COOH), hydroxyl group (OH), phosphate group (PO4), sulfhydryl group (SH)
Term
lipids
Definition
organic compounds used by cells as a long-term energy stores or building blocks, hydrophobic, insoluble in water

fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
Term
fats
Definition
a lipid made by combining glycerol and 3 fatty acids, used as long-term energy stores in cells
Term
saturated
Definition
saturated fat molecules contain no double bonds, 'bad guys', associated with heart disease
Term
unsaturated
Definition
unsaturated fat molecules contain one (mono-) or more (poly-) double bonds, which means they contain fewer hydrogen molecules per carbon than do saturated fats
Term
steroids
Definition
lipids composed of 4 carbon rings

cholesterol, sex hormones (progresterone, testosterone, estrogen)
Term
cholesterol
Definition
an important structural component of cell membranes that serves as a precursor molecule for sex hormones
Term
phospholipid
Definition
a lipid formed by combining a glycerol molecule with two fat acids and a phosphate group, bilayered structures
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
organic compounds used by the cells of the human body in energy-producing reactions and as structural materials, have the elements C, H, and O
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
simplest form of carbohydrate, glucose (6-carbon) is used in cellular respiration, monosaccharides with 5 carbons are used in compounds suck as genetic molecules (RNA) and high-energy molecules (ATP)
Term
disaccharide
Definition
consists of 2 monosaccharide bound together

sucrose, maltose, lactose
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
a carb of 3 or more monosaccharide, act as a storage form of energy and as a structural material in and around cells

starch, glycogen and chitin, cellulose
Term
Protein
Definition
a compound composed of chains of amin acids, serve as structural components, transport aids, enzymes, and cell signals
Term
Primary Structure (of protein)
Definition
the order of the amino acids that make up the protein
Term
secondary structure
Definition
3D arrangement of a protein caused by hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone
Term
tertiary sturcture
Definition
3D arrangement of a protein caused by interaction among the various R groups of the amino acids involved
Term
Quaternary structure
Definition
the arrangement of seperate polypeptide "subunits" into a single protein. not all proteins have quaternary sturcutre; many consist of a single polypeptide chain
Term
enzymes
Definition
catalytic proteins that are picky, interacting only with particular substrates. can be reused and react with more than one copy of their substrate of choice and have a major effect on a reaction
Term
catalysts
Definition
speed up reactions by lowering the energy (activation energy) needed for the reaction to take place
Term
substrates
Definition
substances that enzymes act on
Term
Effectiveness of an enzyme:
Definition
the temperature, the pH, the concentration of the substrate involved, the concentration of the enzyme involved
Term
competitive inhibition
Definition
condition in which an inhibitor molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site and physically blocks the substrate from attaching
Term
noncompetitive inhibition
Definition
condition in which an inhibitor molecule binds to an enzyme away from the active site, causing a change in the shape of the active site so that it can no longer interact with the substrate
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
a reaction that breaks down compounds by the addition of water
Term
dehydration synthesis reaction
Definition
a reaction in which two compounds are brought together with water released as a product
Term
endergonic reaction
Definition
a reaction that requires input of energy to occur

A + B + energy ->> C
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
a reaction that gives off energy as a product

A + B ->> energy + C
Term
redox reaction
Definition
a reaction involving the transfer of electrons. such reactions occur along the electron transport chain of the mitochondria during respiration
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