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Chemistry Final
Survey of Chemistry Final-Spring 2011
215
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
05/15/2011

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Term
The state of matter with both definite shape and definite volume is a
Definition
solid
Term
A measure of the amount of space matter occupies is
Definition
volume
Term
Democritus' view that matter was atomic in nature was
Definition
not widely accepted until the 1800s
Term
Which component of the atom has a positive charge
Definition
proton
Term
From the periodic table, which of the following elements is likely to have physical and chemical properties closest to those of Chlorine
Definition
Bromine
Term
How many electrons are there in the outer shell of Arsenic?
Definition
5
Term
What would be the most likely formula for barium sulfide?
Definition
BaS
Term
The alchemists were interested in turning lead into gold by a process called
Definition
transmutation
Term
The type of bond between atoms in which electrons are lost by one atom and gained by another is called
Definition
ionic
Term
If fluorine were to form an ion, it would most likely be
Definition
F-1
Term
Study of separation and analysis of chemical substances both qualitative and quantitative
Definition
Analytical chemistry
Term
Substance which is a chemical combination on an atomic level of two or more elements
Definition
Compound
Term
General truth
Definition
law
Term
Substance which can not be subdivided into small components by chemical means
Definition
Element
Term
Study of living things
Definition
Biological science
Term
Conjective statement
Definition
Hypothesis
Term
Non-chemical combination of materials separable by physical means
Definition
Mixture
Term
Study of non-living things
Definition
Physical science
Term
Study of the physical changes associated with chemical reactions and the dependence of physical properties on chemical composition
Definition
Physical chemistry
Term
Hypothesis which has been tested and appears to be true
Definition
Theory
Term
1 m=___ cm
Definition
100 cm
Term
4.7 L=___ mL
Definition
4700 mL
Term
360 kg=___ g
Definition
360,000 g
Term
1 ul=___ L
Definition
0.000001 L
Term
2300 g=___ Mg
Definition
0.002300 Mg
Term
2 Mg=___ kg
Definition
2000 kg
Term

Write in scientific notation

3,000

Definition
3 x 103
Term

Write in scientific notation

0.0007

Definition
7 x 10-4
Term

Write in scientific notation

70,000,000

Definition
7 x 107
Term

Write in scientific notation

0.00123

Definition
1.23 x 10-3
Term
What is the formula for calculating density
Definition
D=m/v
Term
It is known that Napoleon at the time of his death suffered from arsenic poisoning.  This was determined by
Definition
analysis of hair samples that still exist today
Term
What uses fusion to generate most of their energy
Definition
Stars and hydrogen bombs
Term
At the instant an atomic bomb detonates the uranium or plutonium goes from
Definition
subcritical to supercritical
Term
There is no evidence of any substantial amounts of what in our universe
Definition
Antimatter
Term
In radioactive decay
Definition
A proton can change into a neutron and a positron, a neutron can change into a proton and an electron, a proton and an electron can combine to form a neutron, 2 protons and 2 neutrons can be kicked out of the nucleus
Term
What technique is appropriate for dating something which contains organic molecules
Definition
Carbon-14 dating
Term
Two types of atom bombs are
Definition
Gun type and implosion type
Term
At the temperatures of million of degrees necessary for controlled fusion, the fuel would exist in a fourth state of matter called
Definition
Plasma
Term
The person who showed that all uranium and thorium compounds are radioactive and then went on to isolate other radioactive elements like radium and polonium from uranium ore was
Definition
Marie Curie
Term
Carbon-12 and carbon-14 represent a pair of
Definition
isotopes
Term
Magnetic confinement and inertial confinement could be used in
Definition
controlled fusion reactors
Term
Deuterium oxide is also called
Definition
Heavy water
Term
Graphite can be used in a nuclear reactor as the
Definition
Moderator
Term
Some countries have built reactors which make more fuel than they consume.  Such reactors are called
Definition
Breeder reactors
Term
In addition to her work in explaining nuclear fission, Lise Meitner was responsible for the discovery of the element
Definition
Protactinium
Term
According to the video tape, "The Bomb's Lethal Legacy," residents of the Hanford area may have a higher than normal incidence of thyroid problems due to the release of radioactive
Definition
Iodine
Term
Nuclear reactors are usually built near a river or ocean so the water can be used to
Definition
Cool the steam in the turbine back into liquid water
Term
If 400 grams of a radioactive material decays to 25 grams in 10 days, what is its half-life
Definition
2.5 days
Term
In the equation, E=MC2, the M stands for
Definition
Mass
Term
In 1938, Eruci Fermi received the Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of
Definition
Slow neutrons
Term
According to current theory, all of the elements can be built up in stars starting from
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
Until recently, the U.S. planned for the permanent storage of commercial high level nuclear waste
Definition
In a granite mountain in Nevada
Term
According to the article "Buried in Ice" the members of the Franklin expedition died while suffering from what kind of poisoning
Definition
Lead
Term
Positrons and electrons combine to form
Definition
Gamma rays
Term
Plutonium-238 does not exist in nature but can be made in
Definition
Nuclear reactors
Term
If there are too many neutrons for the number of protons what type of decay would improve the situation
Definition
Beta
Term
Geologists can use potassium-argon dating to determine how long it has been since a rock last
Definition
Solidified
Term
If a star were so dense that the electrons were forced into the nucleus, they would combine with the protons to form
Definition
Neutrons
Term
An atom can change a proton into a neutron by
Definition
Either positron decay or electron capture
Term
A process that has been used to separate U-235 from U-238 is
Definition
Gaseous diffusion
Term
Uranium-235 and uranium-238 undergo a long series of decays ultimately resulting in isotopes of
Definition
Lead
Term
Krypton has an atomic weight of 83.8.  This is not a whole number because
Definition
There is more than one isotope of Krypton found in nature
Term
The "Manhattan Project" was the code name for the project to build the first
Definition
Atomic bomb
Term
The elements with the most stable nuclei are the ones
Definition
Near the middle of the periodic chart like iron
Term
The fuel used in most nuclear reactors today is
Definition
Uranium
Term
The idea that the universe began in a huge explosion 13.7 billion years ago is called
Definition
The big bang theory
Term
Uranium which contains more uranium-235 than natural uranium is called
Definition
Enriched uranium
Term
How many cities have been destroyed by nuclear weapons in the history of the world
Definition
Two
Term
Which type of decay does not change the number of protons or neutrons present
Definition
Gamma decay
Term
In present nuclear power plants, electricity is generated by a turbine which is turned by
Definition
Steam
Term
The control rods in nuclear reactors are often made of
Definition
Cadmium
Term
Radioactive isotopes of iodine are dangerous byproducts of fission which are very hazardous to health because the body will store them in the
Definition
Thyroid gland
Term

How many neutrons are there in 1H3

 

Definition
Two
Term
Radioactivity can be used to
Definition
Produce mutations in plants and animals, preserve food, operate small power supplies, treat cancer
Term
Plutonium-239 can be produced by neutron bombardment of uranium-238.  Uranium-238 is therefore called a
Definition
Fertile fuel
Term
A positively charged electron is referred to as a
Definition
Positron
Term
A star in which gravity is so strong that matter is totally crushed out of existance is called a
Definition
Black hole
Term
Which of the following is not true of present American electricity producing nuclear reactors
Definition
In a severe accident, they might explode with the force of an atom bomb.
Term
In nuclear reactors a material is often present to slow down neutrons in order to promote more fissions.  Such a material is called a
Definition
Moderator
Term
The component of the atmosphere necessary for photosynthesis is
Definition
Carbon dioxide
Term
Eutrophication is a process by which
Definition
A lake is converted to a swamp
Term
Water-born diseases like cholera and typhoid have been largely eliminated in the U.S. because of
Definition
Chlorination
Term
Due to the presence of sulfur oxides, rainfall down wind from highly industrialized areas is likely to be more
Definition
Acidic
Term
The method of disposal of ordinary garbage which is most used in the U.S. today is
Definition
Sanitary landfill
Term
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun is filtered out before it strikes the earth by
Definition
Ozone
Term
Scientists have been concerned that continued release of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere would
Definition
Deplete the ozone layer
Term
The air pollutant that sucessfully competes with oxygen for bonding sites on the hemoglobin molecule in the blood is
Definition
Carbon monoxide
Term
High temperature combustion always produces
Definition
Nitrogen oxides
Term
Which of the following air pollutants does not contribute to acid rain
Definition
Carbon monoxide
Term
Secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of hydrocarbons, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide are
Definition
Peroxyacyl nitrates
Term
Give three examples of major pollutants produced by the automobile internal combustion engine
Definition
Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide
Term
Automobiles produced in the U.S. since 1975 produce less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emmisions that older cars due primarily to
Definition
Catalytic converters
Term
The most efficient and most expensive method for removal of particulate pollution from smoke stacks is
Definition
Electrostatic precipitators
Term
If water contains lots of dissolved oxygen, organic materials will undergo
Definition
aerobic decay
Term
Mercury is a cummulative poison which means it
Definition
is difficult for the body to eliminate
Term
Runoff from strip mined land is often
Definition
Acidic
Term
Thermal pollution is waste
Definition
Heat
Term
Torrey Canyon, Amoco Cadiz, and Exxon Valdez were the names of
Definition
Oil tankers
Term
Alum and lime are used to
Definition
Precipitate suspended particles from water
Term
What are three effective ways of killing bacteria in water
Definition
Ultraviolet light, ozone, chlorine
Term
Secondary sewage treatment is
Definition
Biological
Term
The process in which air or oxygen is pumped into sewage to aid in decay is called
Definition
Activated sludge
Term
The worst method of disposal for ordinary household garbage is
Definition
Open dump
Term
Soap can be made from
Definition
Animal fat and lye
Term
When mixed with water micelles are produced by
Definition
Soaps, ABS detergents, LAS detergents
Term
Limestone dissolves in
Definition
Acids
Term
Calcium, magnesium and iron are examples of
Definition
Hard ions
Term
Which of the following could be added to hard water to precipitate some of the hard ions
Definition
Washing soda
Term
One advantage of linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS) detergents over alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) detergents is that they
Definition
Are more easily biodegraded
Term
Phosphates are often added to detergents as
Definition
Builders
Term
Enzyme additives seem to be effective in removing
Definition
Protein stains
Term
The second most abundant gas in the earth's atmosphere is
Definition
Oxygen
Term
If a compound is labeled mutagenic, that means it can cause
Definition
Mutations
Term
Saponification is a process used in
Definition
Manufacturing soap
Term
Permanent hardness can be removed by
Definition
Precipitation with chemicals like washing soda, ion exchange
Term
In 1980 Congress passed legislation designed to clean up abandoned or orphan toxic waste site. This legislation is commonly known as the
Definition
Superfund
Term
Hardness in water is undesirable because it
Definition
Precipitates soap
Term
Bacteria in the root nodules of legumes like peas and beans can fix (convert to a useable form)
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
Name three parts of the carbon cycle
Definition
Photosynthesis, respiration, decay
Term
A 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite can be used in cleaning clothes because it is a
Definition
Bleach
Term
The agency of the federal government with the primary responsibility for regulating polluters is the
Definition
Environmental Protection Agency
Term
The videotape "The River Must Live" dealt with
Definition
Natural biological processes in streams and sewage treatment
Term
A toxic chemical which has been more of a problem in Missouri than any other state is
Definition
Dioxin
Term
The main reason carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been going up year after year is
Definition
The burning of fossil fuels like natural gas, petroleum and coal
Term
The town of Donora, Pennsylvania is somewhat famous because in 1948 it was the site of the worst ____ pollution incident in the U.S.
Definition
Air
Term
During WWII a group of compounds derived from sulfanilamide were used to fight infections.  These were called
Definition
Sulfa drugs
Term
Chemical substances produced by microorganisms which kill bacteria or inhibit their growth are called
Definition
Antibiotics
Term
Nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain as
Definition
A combination of electrical and chemical signals
Term
A class of drugs used in pep pills and diet pills are the
Definition
Amphetamines
Term
The ultimate effect of over-stimulation of the central nervous system is
Definition
Convulsions
Term
Opium is a mixture which contains several
Definition
Narcotics
Term
Enkephalins and endorphins are natural brain neurotransmitters which are mimicked by
Definition
Narcotics
Term
Name four hallucinogenic drugs
Definition
LSD, peyote, STP, PCP
Term
Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and arsenic are toxic because they
Definition
Tie up enzyme proteins in the body
Term
Nerve gases stockpiled by the U.S. and other countries are chemically related to
Definition
Organophosphates like Parathion
Term
The videotape "The Insect Alternative" suggests insecticides should be used
Definition
Only as part of a program of integrated pest management
Term
The videotape "The Frozen Addict" dealt with young people who had
Definition
Parkinson's disease
Term
The videotape "Witch's Curse" suggests children in Salem accused various adults of witchcraft because
Definition
They had been poisoned and were hallucinating
Term
Drug that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
Definition
Agonist
Term
A heavy user of a drug requires more to produce a certain effect that a novice
Definition
Tolerance
Term
Mixture of two drugs which has a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects
Definition
Synergism
Term
Drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter
Definition
Antagonist
Term
Heavy use of one drug reduces the effectiveness of similar drugs
Definition
Cross-tolerance
Term
Organic chemistry was originally defined as the chemistry of
Definition
Living things
Term
Give an isomer of CH3-CH2-CO2H
Definition
CH3-CH2-CH2OH
Term
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only
Definition
Carbon and hydrogen
Term
There is some concern about releasing aromatic hydrocarbons to the environment because some have been found to be
Definition
Carcinogenic
Term
Coal, natural gas and petroleum are all
Definition
Fossil fuels
Term
Propane and butane are major components of
Definition
Liquified petroleum gas
Term
The octane rating of a given gasoline can be increased by adding
Definition
Tetraethyl lead
Term
The main element in coal is
Definition
Carbon
Term
Peat is partially decayed organic matter which if further compressed will eventually produce
Definition
Coal
Term
Natural gas or gasoline could be made from coal.  It isn't done in the U.S. today because
Definition
 The economics are not favorable
Term
Cotton is a possible starting material for which kind of polymer
Definition
Cellulosic
Term
Polymers made by opening the double bond in a monomer are
Definition
Addition polymers
Term
Liquids of low viscosity which are added to polymers to make them more flexible are
Definition
Plasticizers
Term
In addition to nitrogen, plants need substantial amounts of
Definition
Potassium and phosphorus
Term
Nicotine, in addition to its use as a recreational drug, has been used as an
Definition
Insecticide
Term
A lake is sprayed repeatedly with a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide.  If this is a cumulative poison, the species likely to have the highest internal levels of the pesticide is
Definition
The birds that eat fish that eat crustaceans that eat algae
Term
DDT has been useful in fighting diseases such as malaria because
Definition
It kills insects like mosquitos which transmit malaria
Term
Natural sex attractants are called
Definition
Pheromones
Term
2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T are
Definition
Herbicides
Term
The rodenticide warfarin kills rats by
Definition
Interfering with the clotting mechanism of their blood
Term
Drugs are detoxified in the body by the
Definition
Liver
Term
A non-aspirin OTC pain reliever could mean
Definition
Acetaminophen
Term
Used to separate low boiling fractions of petroleum like gasoline from higher boiling ones like kerosene
Definition
Crude distillation
Term
Changing linear hydrocarbons into branched ones
Definition
Catalytic reforming
Term
Breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller ones
Definition
Cracking
Term
Used to separate very high boiling components of petroleum
Definition
Vacuum distillation
Term
Cross-linking with sulfur
Definition
Vulcanization
Term
Hooking small molecules together to make bigger ones
Definition
Polymerization
Term
An essential amino acid is one which
Definition
Cannot be manufactured within the body
Term
Enzymes necessary for the digestion of the food we eat are found in the
Definition
Saliva, small intestine, stomach
Term
An example of an over-reaction of the body's immune system is
Definition
Allergies
Term
The type of RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosomes is
Definition
Transfer RNA
Term
In the genetics code the number of bases that code for one amino acid is
Definition
Three
Term
Pure sodium bicarbonate is called
Definition
Baking soda
Term
High doses of this vitamin cause rats to live longer
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
This vitamin is necessary for production of clotting proteins
Definition
Vitamin K
Term
Deposited in bones and teeth
Definition
Calcium
Term
This vitamin is manufactured in the skin when exposed to sunlight
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
This vitamin is necessary to prevent scurvy
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
Helps to harden tooth enamel
Definition
Fluorine
Term
This vitamin is a complex of several compounds used as coenzymes
Definition
Vitamin B
Term
Absence of this vitamin causes night blindness
Definition
Vitamin A
Term
Necessary for the production of thyroid hormones
Definition
Iodine
Term
Contained in hemoglobin in red blood cells
Definition
Iron
Term
Polypeptides are short
Definition
Proteins
Term
The chemical buildup in the cells of the chemicals our body needs is called
Definition
Anabolism
Term
A group of compounds which serve as very powerful hormones are the
Definition
Prostaglandins
Term
A complex of lipid and protein in the blood is called a
Definition
Lipoprotein
Term
Glucose can be stored in the muscles as
Definition
Glycogen
Term
The type of RNA that contains the code for particular proteins is called
Definition
Messenger RNA
Term
How many bases are there in the DNA alphabet
Definition
Four
Term
The transfer of genes from one organism to another is called
Definition
Recombinant DNA
Term
Myelin is found around
Definition
The spinal cord and nerves
Term
Traditional birth control pills prevent pregnancy by
Definition
Preventing ovulation
Term
Chemicals produced by lymphocytes in response to antigen markers on foreign cells
Definition
Antibodies
Term
Process by which a protein is built from a code in the RNA
Definition
Translation
Term
Catalysts for biochemical reactions
Definition
Enzymes
Term
The process by which one RNA molecule is built from a DNA molecule
Definition
Transcription
Term
The process by which one DNA molecule duplicates itself
Definition
Replication
Term
Proteins are sometimes cross-linked with
Definition
Sulfur
Term
Collagen is a
Definition
Structural protein
Term
The function of insulin is to control the level of
Definition
Blood sugar
Term
Hemoglobin is an example of a
Definition
Transport protein
Term
Glucose is produced in plants by a process called
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
Protein synthesis takes place
Definition
At the ribosomes
Term
Phospholipids are used by the body to make
Definition
Cell membranes
Term
Anabolic steroids are most closely related to
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Sugars and polymers of sugars
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
Polymers composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone with attached organic bases
Definition
Nucleic acids
Term
Water insuluble compounds such as fats, cholesteral, etc.
Definition
Lipids
Term
Chemical messengers from one organ to another
Definition
Hormones
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